Sonny (girl do not tell mom if it is thought to play his son because the keyboard looked only knock Liangzi):
Hello, I am your real mother is your mother's biological mother
your absolute beauty,
Well see this letter, you must be very curious
when the mother is very cattle
written to tell you breaking your mother
written twenty years had never been seen that even you Davis is suddenly no mood cramps
a decision and commitment now write down some words you read will say
could give me poison my mother died it
First of all I must say that in fact you may not appear in this world almost
because your mother I have two children from
want to just want a later renowned child
sick child, but to meet you Dad fell down
your mother and you know that a love of men and women to do whatever they want
so in a very good day for me and your dad Because I love you let an out
father because your mother think women without children was incomplete
so put out
deceives you to your mother abandoned the sexy little dress for your mother neglected
heels
his mother gave up for you All junk food is defined as
okay for you love love you dad Eniang want to live in fear
you have a very charming woman suddenly comes so easy to do and your dad easy for
first have to be adjusted visually
Second psychologically tiring to prepare to take on more then there are the physical things
Therefore, in order to bear with me and your dad did you suffer less
is hard to not feel that we deserve for the future Hello
after all have been granted do not think we love you very much
later you have to love our five remaining fifth of the conscience to see your kid the
'll see you and your dad reminds me bit by bit
love to see you would make me think of your grandma and your grandpa was not easy to see that you will
reminds me of your mother told you when I was young like so cute
love for your mother is a little bit selfish and want you to learn the piano
seven or eight years I have been learning your mother did not get hold of the piano ah what Beethoven Chopin Prize
it is because you just want me to have a grandmother interested
and I simply hooked the little girl to make you more convenient point after so part of the girl saw
nice long piano man will faint
to fight to the death if you do not learn of course does not force you to ignore you up there a few days
Mom I hope you all love sports basketball football tennis the ball as you pleased
male student during the sport wind I hope you're a man of
the campus so that they captured the hearts of a woman to bribe me to tell children they are all right with yogurt
that your father has Have you got a fight on the basketball court downstairs twice
course, I passed the ball to when you have your father
so I can hold my husband you are so cool that your dad your dad a counterattack
young married woman was walking home
mother want you to love learning, but not nerds
do not tell mom I said I just love to learn I just want to be an exciting read
I will strangle you < br> What is the first and second grades do not have to be almost on the line before the fifty-
this thing depends on your own as long as you do not feel loss if you think this is your ability
love this question Mom's advice is to
If that responsibility is assumed by you that you can toss both lightly
love how I just want to tell you that every girl deserves to be cherished
do not casually play with any one person Remember the feelings
carry condoms
then there are the same sex if you happen to love children, please get your mother cry
if that person is you really love me and your dad will not stop < br>
buddy for friends to accompany you to remember the oldest group of people you might
young when you cross the so-called bad friends
But remember there is no absolute in this world Any good or bad person has worth as a man can learn to take responsibility righteousness
Remember
the mother would rather have a buddy to go to Bureau of artillery children do not want a son
cold-blooded ruthless distinguished only for their own people, but
If you Ya really ran off the squat the
I smoked
the deal is dead you hope you are a real man is a real man with bloody
It is not feminine men fart
about your future father and mother will not beg you
hope you do the thing you really want to
travel in the world if you want to bag a good Go
all have the blood of every young impulse
older people who would call a blind
but I do not want to regret when
as you get older there are so many youth have not done As long as things are not swindling steal Chihepiaodu
pumping
Some say the most evil place in life can only be young once
which also happens to be the best place in life only
so that we learn to cherish and uphold the
me and your dad do not need you to feed your own business
is to allow you to take your family
said it would on the to raise a very serious issue that is
do not tell me you are married and live with your dad
Please, let it
harmony through life if you do not have a baby can throw
us every week to play with them back to the two of us two days
me and your dad may be fine to play to travel to the
which allows both short and more Niwai Niwai olds it
for the feelings of my mother to tell you
remember the simple love and love alone that feelings will not last long
communication and tolerance, trust is the most important
difficult to understand as long as you do not take the initiative Try to communicate empathy
you trust your spouse not doubt
you respect your love for granted Do not think that should be nice to each other do not always self-righteous
to test each other
Do not think that the other side because no one will know you are not born to King I know everything about life
This is a wonderful topic
not the same as each person's life, but
guidelines are followed and that is a conscience
cool you live you live worthy of some of their
not graduated from college told me that the mother took the English I did not get four
not take as long as you love school graduation certificate to you is to remember
whoops
yogurt you love your mother to make money have to buy yogurt, but never to taste the
aloe is to remember your dad love you Do nothing stupid mother with your father Baji uprising united front with me because you lose
iron is that I love you very much love you from your life in the moment I have to remember that after the shopping
the time to let me hear the arm did not have to call my sister
As your wife brought back to me and your dad look
standard is probably the ideal daughter-in features all able-bodied sound mind < br> But you dare get back to me a non-mainstream, I can kick your daughter
not blame mother because your mother did not want to see the opening of a cottage in front swinging version of Panda did not say a tired
a little bit hungry, you are not watching your mother cry Do not cry
move people love this year for two years not because the heart has
so no regrets you only want to love you you touch your pet
do not always nice to go out your mother I said I was too afraid of those kids you admire and flexible
readily in essay writing on a word of this
parents biggest weakness in my life if they leave my world would collapse
moments later following a sentence to be your grandma
make your parenting a child until the day your world is your child
if they leave the world you will instantly collapse
big baby son, I love you till the end
I love you dad
I have to play to life love you grandma grandpa grandparents
I also steadfast love of the PRC
world peace Amen Allah bless Buddha
charming your sweet sexy cute beautiful and brave and industrious and lively and moving to real mother is the date of their pro books
time to go check.
Thursday, March 31, 2011
Network, the love floating in the air
Was the kind of noise, and now is so quiet, like a sky, which changes over time, along the long, slim fingers, love notes, without any fluctuation, but can still hear the rustle of wings, and heard the lovely garden of birds, that I'm used to the quiet of the night, let me play with the rhythm of the music Imagine flying hearts.
troubles of the online world, and by chance met, missed the pass, the network seems to many people default subtext. Do not worry about tomorrow's Road, go water phase at the day, nestled in the green grass of Castle Peak, stroll chat, talk to a once brilliant career, and talk to the hardships of life, chatting chatting with each other to add a sad heart or solace, but also sad this had to worry about, or win a sympathetic smile, and occasionally turn our gaze to the lake a look at the temptation of water, life of the Imagination, it seems to embark on a golden road, and the next can be awarded by to the destination in mind, would the feelings are far-reaching the network spread, diffuse ... ...
from her that you may read her gentle scenery between the intelligent, maybe she is not man striking fish; Perhaps he was a Angcang man, British Gas forthright, where he established His eyes can see your happiness flow through your body; perhaps the beauty of those details, only a way of people, patient people, discerning people to add. They network as a leisure home, carefully hidden no understanding of the thick, no one knows the landscape, infection with the taste of happiness and happiness with each other enjoy the affection.
Although she can not always of the love, care, and sometimes even the formality of modesty, but her mind, the whole other side of him. Perhaps the other side is not in the moment, the army tent where she was a farce, propped Hua San, bathed in the morning breeze, a walk in the shady woods, wild flowers and kissed her Xianzu, without setting focus on the spirit caused her eye, she only ford green river, came to the other side, the quiet contemplation of their own to go, going through all that obscure, but taste and describe the emotions of divorce, joys and sorrows of torture and had worried about this for fear of being disappeared, She became his permanent watershed.
because everyone's emotional, because the wounds had heart, you change, she also changed. The original dependent, in that the falling snow, quietly became a barrier, the space in the sink to dilute everything. Network, with a few heartbeats of the word, sober mind is so difficult and fragile, a former repair footprints'll stay with each other back to the original starting point, a crumple of a rose, the heartbreak of the details, such as the three hair, such as words: Moreover, the network of a few words the phrase too! Although his figure to cover her whole heart, but he missed a lot, gave her a reason for silence, but also made a staggering her decision, and he did not know for what the whole, he did not know her all the words.
that love, short and deep, pure but the vicissitudes of life, Chilian but open-minded. Although she is not allowed to die like this love of beauty, it is difficult to forget the unforgettable once was missed or a separation. However, the network is not one thing, it is things change, in this endless dream, waking up is tough rain.
dream of the invasion, will be all over everywhere Souchangguadu to the memory of feeling this time is so brilliant, is Shanhua in the open, is the soul of a great satisfaction. Although some things can not blend the exchange, thus, all scores will be gone, and you believe there is a constant in this world love it.
networks, no real name, no face, but the idea of courage, the courage to join, afraid of bumps in the long distance of the hardship placed on the root in the promised land, such as algae thrive in the fish, though small is alive and kicking, active in the water, with great emotion to tell the people that she rose from the water to fly in space, drifting behind the tilt of the sky, the ever, experience the many things lost in memory or a flash in my mind constantly ... ...
networks such as games, everything is also uncertain, is the edge meet each other, is the heart and the hearts of your friend!
game of life, life, such as duckweed, wind, no set, cloud impermanence.
troubles of the online world, and by chance met, missed the pass, the network seems to many people default subtext. Do not worry about tomorrow's Road, go water phase at the day, nestled in the green grass of Castle Peak, stroll chat, talk to a once brilliant career, and talk to the hardships of life, chatting chatting with each other to add a sad heart or solace, but also sad this had to worry about, or win a sympathetic smile, and occasionally turn our gaze to the lake a look at the temptation of water, life of the Imagination, it seems to embark on a golden road, and the next can be awarded by to the destination in mind, would the feelings are far-reaching the network spread, diffuse ... ...
from her that you may read her gentle scenery between the intelligent, maybe she is not man striking fish; Perhaps he was a Angcang man, British Gas forthright, where he established His eyes can see your happiness flow through your body; perhaps the beauty of those details, only a way of people, patient people, discerning people to add. They network as a leisure home, carefully hidden no understanding of the thick, no one knows the landscape, infection with the taste of happiness and happiness with each other enjoy the affection.
Although she can not always of the love, care, and sometimes even the formality of modesty, but her mind, the whole other side of him. Perhaps the other side is not in the moment, the army tent where she was a farce, propped Hua San, bathed in the morning breeze, a walk in the shady woods, wild flowers and kissed her Xianzu, without setting focus on the spirit caused her eye, she only ford green river, came to the other side, the quiet contemplation of their own to go, going through all that obscure, but taste and describe the emotions of divorce, joys and sorrows of torture and had worried about this for fear of being disappeared, She became his permanent watershed.
because everyone's emotional, because the wounds had heart, you change, she also changed. The original dependent, in that the falling snow, quietly became a barrier, the space in the sink to dilute everything. Network, with a few heartbeats of the word, sober mind is so difficult and fragile, a former repair footprints'll stay with each other back to the original starting point, a crumple of a rose, the heartbreak of the details, such as the three hair, such as words: Moreover, the network of a few words the phrase too! Although his figure to cover her whole heart, but he missed a lot, gave her a reason for silence, but also made a staggering her decision, and he did not know for what the whole, he did not know her all the words.
that love, short and deep, pure but the vicissitudes of life, Chilian but open-minded. Although she is not allowed to die like this love of beauty, it is difficult to forget the unforgettable once was missed or a separation. However, the network is not one thing, it is things change, in this endless dream, waking up is tough rain.
dream of the invasion, will be all over everywhere Souchangguadu to the memory of feeling this time is so brilliant, is Shanhua in the open, is the soul of a great satisfaction. Although some things can not blend the exchange, thus, all scores will be gone, and you believe there is a constant in this world love it.
networks, no real name, no face, but the idea of courage, the courage to join, afraid of bumps in the long distance of the hardship placed on the root in the promised land, such as algae thrive in the fish, though small is alive and kicking, active in the water, with great emotion to tell the people that she rose from the water to fly in space, drifting behind the tilt of the sky, the ever, experience the many things lost in memory or a flash in my mind constantly ... ...
networks such as games, everything is also uncertain, is the edge meet each other, is the heart and the hearts of your friend!
game of life, life, such as duckweed, wind, no set, cloud impermanence.
Tuesday, March 29, 2011
Internship students Bibei focus on the essence of medical summary of major system !
Diagnosis of the formula + + treatment principles auxiliary examination ... ...diagnosis of the common formula
digestive symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, mass
1. acute and chronic gastritis = eating unclean or irritants + abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting
2. gastroesophageal reflux disease = acid reflux burning sensation + + retrosternal esophageal endoscopy erosion with a red strip (heartburn, acid reflux, back to food)
3. peptic ulcer disease
= chronic gastric ulcer on a regular abdominal pain (pain after a meal) + hematemesis melena
duodenal ulcer = hunger pain (more than 4 hours after the meal), or night pain + melena
peptic ulcer hematemesis perforation = sudden severe abdominal pain (peritonitis signs) + X ray of free gas below the diaphragm have
4. esophageal varices = upper gastrointestinal bleeding + past liver disease history
5. bacillary dysentery = unclean diet + abdominal pain + mucus pus and blood will + tenesmus
6. ulcerative colitis = left lower abdominal pain, pus and blood will mucin + + (will be Italy, and after mitigation) + antibiotics ineffective
therapy: sulfasalazine (SASP)
7. Acute pancreatitis (edema) = binge eating / history of chronic biliary abdominal pain + bend + sustained pain relief + amylase test
acute pancreatitis (hemorrhagic necrosis) = + waist and abdomen symptoms of edema or Cullen purple + paracentesis + washing liquid in water samples of meat with high glucose + low
hemorrhagic necrotizing calcium: urine amylase value is not necessarily high, sometimes it decreased. Select CT
week when diagnosed measured serum amylase, lipase measured more than a week
8. Pyloric obstruction = vomiting Sushi + vibration of water sounds
9. Cirrhotic portal hypertension + = history of hepatitis (spleen Big + ascites + spider) + ultrasound (liver shrink)
10. cholecystitis = paroxysmal and positive signs of right upper quadrant colic + Could + nausea and vomiting
11. cholelithiasis = paroxysmal right upper quadrant colic + Could + B Super echo the positive sign of light group, shadowing
12. Acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis = triad under the Ke (abdominal pain + fever + chills, jaundice) + performance + shock psychiatric symptoms (such as the look of indifference, coma) in five of the levy
13. abdomen
(1) appendicitis, right lower abdominal pain + = metastatic Maxwell point tenderness (pain, men Tong) + WBC increased
(2) intestinal obstruction: abdominal pain + vomiting + Expansion + closed + X line (Banana / fluid level)
causes: mechanical and dynamic
revascularization: simple and strangulated
level: complete and incomplete
parts: high and low
(3) history of gastrointestinal ulcer perforation = + sudden severe abdominal pain with peritoneal irritation + + subdiaphragmatic free gas
(4) Ectopic Pregnancy = postmenopausal vaginal bleeding + History + abdominal pain (cervical pain held) + human chorionic gonadotropin
(5) of ovarian cyst torsion = pain + sudden position changes and a cystic mass
(6) = curettage surgery of acute pelvic inflammatory disease + abnormal vaginal discharge lower abdominal pain + abdominal + pain (cervical pain held) + purulent discharge
14. digestive system tumors
(1) gastric = old + black + it + Kanying law change + chronic ulcer pain upper abdominal pain + abdominal mass + weight loss + left supraclavicular lymph nodes
(2) = progressive dysphagia of esophageal cancer (the late) + retrosternal burning pain (early) + food choking feeling (early)
(5) pancreatic cancer (pancreatic cancer, periampullary cancer) = old + pain + jaundice aggravated sexual clay color stool + skin itching
(6) colon cancer: old + change in bowel habits weight loss + + CEA + abdominal mass
15. anus, rectum benign lesions
(1) painless hemorrhoid = + it with bloody vein-like mass of blood +
(2) external hemorrhoids = anal pain + anus blood + tender will be mass
(3) when it will be after anal fissure = pain + anal anal fissure
16.
renal injury blunt abdominal trauma injury + hematuria
= waist traumatic hepatic rupture = right abdominal peritoneal irritation + + shifting dullness
rupture = left abdominal pain + abdominal injury + All
intestinal rupture = abdominal bleeding abdomen trauma + peritoneal irritation yellow liquid
+ puncture 17. hernia (inguinal hernia) = increased abdominal pressure elderly men + + + right lower abdomen into the scrotum tumor
digestive diseases for further examination
1. stomach Mirror, colonoscopy, colonoscopy
2. gastroenterography
3. Abdominal B-, CT
4. upright abdominal plain film
5. stool: routine examination, occult blood, culture and parasitic Check
6.HP worm detection
7. peritoneal puncture
8. lymph node biopsy or liver biopsy (case monitoring)
9. laboratory:
(1) urine amylase
(2) AFP, CEA, CA19-9 carbohydrate antigen
(3) urine routine examination, liver and kidney function, electrolytes, blood gas analysis
digestive treatment principles < br>
a general treatment: attention to rest, diet / fasting, life guidance
Second, the cause of treatment
(1) ulcer: PPI class of acid-suppressing drugs of choice can be added with mucosal protective agent, If H. pylori infection should be treated with combined sterilization, commonly used triple therapy or quadruple therapy: PPI, colloidal bismuth combined two antibiotics
(2) application of broad-spectrum antibiotics, anti-infection treatment, anti-shock
( 3) obstruction / peritonitis: fasting, gastrointestinal decompression
(4) to maintain water and electrolyte acid-base balance
three, four
symptomatic treatment, surgical: resection or repair
five tumors: 1 ) surgery
2) radiotherapy + chemotherapy + immunotherapy + Chinese medicine treatment
diagnosis of respiratory diseases formula
1. acute upper respiratory tract infection = sore throat + cough + fever
2. pneumonia
(1) Lobar = adult + cold + fever + cough rusty sputum
(2) Klebsiella pneumonia = cough brick-red sputum + X-ray film empty
(3) Mycoplasma pneumonia = cough + children + irritating + joint pain antibiotics ineffective
(4) = infants and young children with bronchial pneumonia breathing difficulties + fever + symptoms (nasal flap, three depressions sign positive)
(5), Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia, sepsis = heat + chest pain + sputum + X ray sheet film
3. Tuberculosis
(1) TB = young + hemoptysis + Afternoon + fever + night sweats antibiotic treatment had no significant effect < br> (2) = TB + TB pleurisy signs of pleural effusion (chest pain disappeared + percussion + fremitus real audio / breath sounds disappear)
(3) tuberculous pericarditis, pericardial effusion = TB + signs (heart before District pain + abdominal breathing difficulties Fullness + + lower extremity edema)
(4) intestinal tuberculosis = TB + abdominal symptoms (abdominal pain, diarrhea, right lower abdominal mass)
(5) TB = TB + abdominal peritonitis inflammation (abdominal pain, diarrhea, abdominal wall flexibility and a sense of)
(6) renal tuberculosis = TB + + bladder irritation, thinning of the renal parenchyma and destructive
4. bronchiectasis = childhood whooping cough or measles delayed healing of bronchial pneumonia purulent cough + history + + hemoptysis
5.COPD = old (smoking) + sputum + asthma + barrel chest pulmonary function tests, FEV1/FVC% less than a second rate of 70%
6 . abscess = smelly pus sputum + heat + X-ray films / CT shows fluid level
7. lung cancer = in + elderly + irritating cough, bloody sputum + weight loss + X ray burr
8. Cor = history of chronic lung disease + enlarged heart
Evolution order: chronic bronchitis - Emphysema - Pulmonary Heart Disease
9. paroxysmal bronchial asthma or recurrent wheezing + = auscultation wheezing allergy
10 + . respiratory failure, chronic lung disease = history of cyanosis + + blood gas analysis
I type: PaO2 <60mmHg PaCO2 normal - severe pneumonia induced
II Type: PaO2 <60mmHg PaCO2> 50mmHg-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
11. chest blunt trauma
(1) tension pneumothorax chest trauma history + = extensive subcutaneous emphysema (grip snow flu) + offset + tracheal breath sound percussion drum sound + disappear
(2) = hemothorax tracheal trauma history + chest percussion dullness + offset + + X ray decreased breath sounds costophrenic angle disappeared, curved high density
(3) history of chest trauma and rib fractures = + bone fricative
respiratory disease surveillance project
1. chest X films, chest CT
2.PPD, ESR
3. sputum culture + sensitivity test, sputum Mycobacterium tuberculosis
find 4. lung function
5. liver and kidney function
6. Blood gas analysis
7. bronchoscopy
8. sputum cytology testing
9. lymph node biopsy
10. blood Conventional electrolyte
respiratory diseases treatment principles
1. General treatment: rest, nutrition, prevention of infection / oxygen
2. symptomatic treatment / drug treatment
(1) anti-infective therapy: use of broad spectrum antibiotics or combination therapy
(2) anti-TB treatment: early, regular, joint, rules, full
(3) anti-shock: expansion, the use of vascular active drug
(4) Control of hemoptysis: pituitrin
(5) fever, cough, asthma, expectorant
(6) correct the acid-base balance
3. tumors ( lung cancer)
(1) surgery
(2) radiotherapy + chemotherapy + immunotherapy + Chinese medicine treatment
diagnosis of circulatory system diseases formula
1 . coronary heart disease = chest pain narrowing
(1) = chest narrowing angina pain <30 minutes, 3-5-minute / second, + with rest or nitroglycerin can relieve mouth + ECG: ST segment horizontal depression
(2) MI = chest pain, narrowing of> 30 minutes, rest or mouth can not be relieved with nitroglycerin sense of impending doom + sweating + + ECG: ST segment elevation arched up < br> V1-6 extensive anterior wall myocardial infarction
V1-3 anteroseptal myocardial infarction
V3-5 limitations of anterior myocardial infarction
V5-6 anterolateral myocardial infarction
Ⅱ, Ⅲ, aVF inferior myocardial infarction
I, aVL high lateral myocardial infarction
Killip classification of cardiac function: acute myocardial infarction patients to assess heart function
I Class: No sound and lungs The third heart sound
II level: the lungs are sound, but the sound range is less than 1 / 2 lung field
III level: the extent of lung sounds is greater than 1 / 2 lung field (pulmonary edema)
IV Grade: cardiogenic shock
2.
hypertension patients by absolute level of cardiovascular risk stratification (normal 140/90) < br> 1 级 140-159 or 90-99 below 160/100
2 级 160-179 or 100-109 lower than the 180/110
3 级 ≥ 180 or ≥ 110
risk The degree of
low risk: a. Lifestyle.
in crisis: 1 + 2 factors; 2 is not accompanied by factors of 2 or lower. Drug treatment.
risk :1-2 + at least three factors, target organ damage. Rules of drug treatment.
very high risk: 3; 1-2 level + of target organ damage, there are complications. Intensive treatment as soon as possible.
3. CHF = left lung (cycle) the right body (circulation)
left heart failure = pink foamy sputum cough + shortness of breath (at night can not be supine, orthopnea, after the event)
right heart failure = jugular vein engorgement + lower extremity edema, hepatomegaly +
I
NYHA class daily activities are not limited
II Class-level activity with mild limitation
III obviously limited
IV class symptoms at rest
right heart failure left ventricular failure + = Full HF
4. arrhythmia:
(1) the absolute heart rate ranging from + AF = short pulse constraints + ECG + f wave strength of the first heart sound varies
(2) = paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia paroxysmal palpitation + sudden sudden stop + ECG (no P waves, heart rate 160-250 beats / points)
(3) = paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia of sudden onset of palpitation + History + ECG past more than 3 consecutive fast wide QRS wave + cardiac malformations have been won / Room fusion wave
( 4) Other: See some of the third leg of electrocardiographic
5. valvular heart disease
(1) mitral stenosis = dyspnea (exertional, paroxysmal, night, orthopnea, pulmonary edema) + acute massive hemoptysis, sputum + pear-shaped pink bubble-like heart + rumbling noise
(2) = mitral regurgitation in acute left heart failure / chronic advanced stage failure or total failure + left apical systolic all rough hair-like noise, to the armpit or the left subscapular angle conduction
(3) aortic stenosis = breathing difficulties + angina + syncope + ejection murmur to the neck conduction
(4) aortic valve palpitations + angina + incomplete = paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea + AustinFliht noise + peripheral vascular symptoms (flush pulse, Mussctz symptoms, carotid fluctuates significantly, and capillary pulsation Zheng, arterial tone and Durozicz shooting levy)
noise occurs mainly during the switch flap valve noise properties
opening rumble of mitral stenosis and diastolic mitral regurgitation like
off hair-like
systolic aortic stenosis systolic jet-like
open aortic insufficiency diastolic related sigh like
6. shock signs = P ↑ + Bp ↓ + speed + pulse cold limbs, hair thin
(1) hemorrhagic Hugh shock signs + bleeding
(2) signs of cardiogenic shock = shock + left heart failure
cardiovascular system to further examine
1. electrocardiogram, dynamic ECG
2. echocardiography
3. chest X ray
4. fundus examination (hypertension), radionuclide
5. myocardial enzyme
6.
blood gas analysis 7. blood, blood lipids, blood glucose, serum potassium, liver and kidney function
8. cardiac catheterization
9. coronary angiography
10. myocardial necrosis markers (myoglobin, troponin, creatine kinase isoenzyme CK-MB)
cardiovascular treatment principles
1. General treatment: attention to rest, lifestyle changes (such as smoking cessation alcohol, low sodium low-fat diet, moderate exercise) , testing, care
2. Hypertension:
(1) diuretics, B blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACEI (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors), angiotensin II by Inhibitor
(2) control of complications. Such as heart failure, diabetes, cerebrovascular disease, renal failure, coronary heart disease
3. Coronary heart disease:
symptomatic treatment: control of arrhythmias, improve cardiac function, myocardial infarction II thrombolytic or interventional therapy to prevent
< br> control of shock, heart failure
correct anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy: aspirin, heparin
4. fibrillation:
drugs cardioversion, use of amiodarone
slow ventricular rate, the choice of cedilanid
5. heart failure:
diuretic, ACEI, B blockers, inotropic drugs (digitalis: to Xin high cedilanid. non-digitalis : dopamine, milrinone), cardiac pacemakers
6. valvular heart disease:
cause of treatment, valve replacement, urinary system diseases such as diagnostic
formula
1. Renal glomerulonephritis: eyelid / facial edema and history of streptococcal infection + young + + C3 + hematuria and proteinuria decreased blood pressure
2. urinary tract infection
(1) = Female + pyelonephritis back pain + fever + pyuria , WBC tube
(2) acute exacerbation of chronic pyelonephritis = urinary bladder irritation, injury history + + recurrent low back pain + fever + pain + WBC knocked on kidney area increased
(3) lower urinary tract infection = Married women + hot + bladder irritation
3. hematuria after kidney stones = activities waist colic + B + X-over or
4. ureteral stones = activity after lumbar colic hematuria + + X-ray examination
5. RCC = old + (painless) gross hematuria
6. nephritis, renal failure = years of history of hypertension hematuria and proteinuria + + serum creatinine (compensation of 133, 442 decompensated , failure of 707, uremia) increased
7. prostatic hyperplasia = elderly + urinary + progressive dysuria
further examination of urinary system diseases
1. Abdominal B- plain film
2. urine routine, ESR, renal function, blood gas analysis
3. pyelography
4. biopsies
5. gynecologic examination
6. creatinine, glomerular filtration rate
7. renal function
8. radionuclide renography
9. cystoscopic treatment of urinary system
principles
1. General treatment: attention to rest , low sodium / low protein diet
2. symptomatic treatment
(1) anti-infective
(2) diuretic antihypertensive
(3) dialysis
(4) to correct fluid and electrolyte acid-base disorders
3. surgical treatment: surgical resection or incision
4. Tumor (kidney cancer)
5. hemodialysis
1. hyperthyroidism = sudden palpitations + eye (eyes bulging) + emotional + sweating + goiter
check: T3/T4/TSH 131I radionuclide thyroid
2. Thyroid cancer Thyroid + B = Super nodules
3. Diabetes = a little more than three, blood glucose: fasting 7.0, meal 11.1, OGTT
(1) 1 = more than three a diabetes incidence of acute + low + young + rotten apple
(2) 2 = middle-aged diabetic slow onset + + easy to ketoacidosis diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar
difference: the limit of blood sugar with 33.3
check: fructosamine, insulin release experiments, C peptide release assay, glycosylated hemoglobin
general treatment : life guidance, diet, physical exercise, disease monitoring, drug treatment to prevent complications
:
promote secretagogues, sulfonylurea -2 type of non-obese, diet and exercise control is not ideal
biguanide - Obesity who
insulin and Type 2 -1 complications
a glucosidase inhibitor - postprandial hyperglycemia diagnosis of blood diseases
formula
1. leukemic = heat + sternal tenderness, bleeding tendency + + pancytopenia
2. aplastic anemia = appearance + + three-line to reduce bleeding tendency
3. autoimmune hemolytic anemia, anemia = appearance + Coombs (antiglobulin test) Positive + splenomegaly
4. Serum iron deficiency anemia = down + anemic appearance (pale skin and mucous membranes) + women menorrhagia or digestive system tumors
5. idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura = Women + bleeding tendency + thrombocytopenia (less than 100-109), red white blood cell count normal
6.DIC = extended multi-site bleeding + PT +3 P test positive blood diseases
further examination
1. Bone marrow biopsy
2. cell morphology
3. liver and kidney function, abdominal B-
4.
blood blood disease therapy
general treatment: Closed infection control, use of broad spectrum antibiotics
leukemia: chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation
chemotherapy:
acute leukemia, acute lymphoblastic-DVLP program
(daunorubicin, vincristine, L-aspartate lactamases, prednisone)
acute Fei Lin-DA program
(daunorubicin, cytarabine)
promyelocytic - RA
autoimmune chronic leukemia
hemolytic anemia: glucocorticoids, splenectomy
TTP: corticosteroids, splenectomy
aplastic anemia: male hormones, immune agents, bone marrow transplantation
anemia: iron supplements + VC, severe anemia before surgery can be RBC
women with systemic lupus erythematosus = erythema + butterfly + photosensitivity + ulcer positive
+ arthritis + ANA + RA = single large joint
rheumatoid joints Yan = middle-aged women + + RF-positive symmetrical small joint septic arthritis
= Youth + heat =
osteoarthritis bone fricative / bone rubbing sense + activity after the increase, pain relief after the break
formula
poisoning diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning = coal stove + Cherry + COHB
increased exposure to organophosphorus pesticide poisoning = needle-like changes history + pupil + garlic + audio + bile wet lung auscultation alkaline esterase activity was reduced cerebral vascular disease diagnosis
formula
1. intracerebral hemorrhage = + hypertension in elderly patients with acute onset of + consciousness + + Location signs
2. thrombosis = resting state disease (coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia)
3. pathogenesis of acute cerebral embolism = + heart emboli (subacute endocarditis)
pulmonary dyspnea + chest pain + = hemoptysis, leg bolt son (varicose veins / lower limb gangrene)
4. pathogenesis of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage = + meningeal irritation + CT
5. infarction = hypertension + paralysis + CT
no lesions meningitis diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis formula
+ = meningeal irritation with symptoms (fever night sweats)
disease brain = meningeal irritation + virus infection (fever)
of meningeal irritation + Brain = purulent ( heat)
ECM = meningeal irritation + + skin in winter and spring ecchymosis
mucosa petechia meningeal irritation JE = + + respiratory failure, brain injury
summer and autumn the Diagnosis formula
1. concussion = transient loss of consciousness (coma a few minutes) + retrograde amnesia
2. acute epidural hematoma = + intermediate wake of traumatic brain injury (coma - conscious - unconscious) + CT shuttle shaped hematoma
3. subdural hematoma = persistent coma
4. herniation = mydriasis + cardiopulmonary arrest
diagnosis of infectious diseases formula
1. HAV = fever + jaundice + HAV (+) + fecal-oral transmission
2. Hepatitis B = fever + jaundice + HBV (+) + body fluids
3. Hepatitis C = fever + jaundice + HCV (+) + blood-borne
4. AIDS = contact history + fever + weight loss + HIV (+)
diagnosis of gynecological diseases formula
1. ectopic pregnancy, menopause, history + = severe abdominal pain + abdominal mass, vaginal bleeding + + cervical lifting pain
2. ovarian tumor torsion = acute lower abdominal pain + mass + no shock without anemia, HCG (-), no history of postmenopausal vaginal bleeding and
3. acute pelvic inflammatory disease = abdominal pain (cervical give pain) + heat + vaginal discharge
4. cervical cancer = contact bleeding or irregular vaginal bleeding + cauliflower excrescence (Ib of limited cervical, Ib1 of longitude <= 4cm)
5 . Ovarian cancer = older women + + bloating + abdominal mass, weight loss
6. Uterine fibroids = women of childbearing age as excessive + + + anemia increase the appearance of uterine pediatric diagnosis
formula
1. infants and children with diarrhea (rotavirus infections)
= season (autumn and winter) + stool samples dilute water + heat
dehydrated egg drop soup indexing (1) mild:
( 2) Moderate: small limbs, oliguria cold tears
(3) severe: no urine of blood pressure lowering
dehydration properties of cold extremities: diagnostic serum sodium level of 130-150
: 1. rotary virus enteritis (heavy / light)
2. severe (moderate / mild) hypertonic (isotonic / hypotonic) dehydration
3. Others, such as metabolic acidosis
rehydration therapy:
1. Principle:
2. the first day of infusion volume, speed and type of
(1) Total
(2) speed
(3) types of
3. The next day rehydration
4. Drug treatment: infection control, protection of intestinal
2. eruptive diseases in children with
(1) measles = fever + flu + body on the mucosal papules + measles spots
(2 ) rubella = fever + flu + red papules on the ear lymph nodes + tender
(3) Emergency = protruding heat + hot back rash
(4) RV = herpes low heat + water + to itchy Mind distribution
(5) scarlet = fever + sore throat + strawberry tongue + rash in skin folds more vulnerable to friction parts densely
3. Nutritional vitamin D deficiency rickets = irritable temperament in children fed properly + + bone changes (costophrenic sulcus, frog belly, O-leg) + serum calcium + phosphorus
lower limb fracture and dislocation of large joints proprietary fracture diagnostic formula
signs: unusual activity / sense of bones rub / abnormalities
1. humerus surgical neck fracture of the shoulder injury + = arm movement disorder
2. humeral fracture = history of trauma disorder + down + upper arm wrist
3. humerus fractures = pediatric + + with hands palm down after elbow triangle of elbow pain in the normal +
4. fractures of the distal radius = wrist injury + + front side silver fork-like spear-like
5. = radial head subluxation in children + strong stretch upper
6. = posterior dislocation of hip pain in his legs + + side of the lower extremity hip shorten + limb adduction internal rotation deformity
7. = palm of your hand with anterior shoulder dislocation in the contralateral injured + hand care and positive signs ipsilateral elbow + CJR
8. femoral neck fracture = hip external rotation of limb deformities trauma + + trochanter Move
+ Pauwels angle
acute purulent soft tissue painful swelling of infection =
1. carbuncle = middle-aged + fever chills swollen knot + + skin ulceration after hard honeycomb sores
2. subcutaneous cellulitis = acute painful swelling of traumatic + + skin temperature fluctuation of + swelling sense, ill + a pus
3. erysipelas = limbs or facial flaky skin erythema + + bulge + recur clear boundary
4. Acute lymphangitis / lymphadenitis = subcutaneous red lines + local lymph nodes of breast disease diagnosis tenderness
formula
1. Acute mastitis = breast tenderness pregnant women + + hot + WBC increased
acute mastitis + floating feeling = abscess formation
2. breast cystic hyperplasia = cyclical breast tenderness + + tired after the palpable mass increased
3. breast cancer risk factors + = quality hard painless lump + axillary lymph node is not smooth swelling
treatment principles:
1. General treatment: rest, nutrition, health and other
2. symptomatic therapy / drug therapy / etiology treatment
3. surgical treatment
4. Tumor Treatment < / p>.
digestive symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, mass
1. acute and chronic gastritis = eating unclean or irritants + abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting
2. gastroesophageal reflux disease = acid reflux burning sensation + + retrosternal esophageal endoscopy erosion with a red strip (heartburn, acid reflux, back to food)
3. peptic ulcer disease
= chronic gastric ulcer on a regular abdominal pain (pain after a meal) + hematemesis melena
duodenal ulcer = hunger pain (more than 4 hours after the meal), or night pain + melena
peptic ulcer hematemesis perforation = sudden severe abdominal pain (peritonitis signs) + X ray of free gas below the diaphragm have
4. esophageal varices = upper gastrointestinal bleeding + past liver disease history
5. bacillary dysentery = unclean diet + abdominal pain + mucus pus and blood will + tenesmus
6. ulcerative colitis = left lower abdominal pain, pus and blood will mucin + + (will be Italy, and after mitigation) + antibiotics ineffective
therapy: sulfasalazine (SASP)
7. Acute pancreatitis (edema) = binge eating / history of chronic biliary abdominal pain + bend + sustained pain relief + amylase test
acute pancreatitis (hemorrhagic necrosis) = + waist and abdomen symptoms of edema or Cullen purple + paracentesis + washing liquid in water samples of meat with high glucose + low
hemorrhagic necrotizing calcium: urine amylase value is not necessarily high, sometimes it decreased. Select CT
week when diagnosed measured serum amylase, lipase measured more than a week
8. Pyloric obstruction = vomiting Sushi + vibration of water sounds
9. Cirrhotic portal hypertension + = history of hepatitis (spleen Big + ascites + spider) + ultrasound (liver shrink)
10. cholecystitis = paroxysmal and positive signs of right upper quadrant colic + Could + nausea and vomiting
11. cholelithiasis = paroxysmal right upper quadrant colic + Could + B Super echo the positive sign of light group, shadowing
12. Acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis = triad under the Ke (abdominal pain + fever + chills, jaundice) + performance + shock psychiatric symptoms (such as the look of indifference, coma) in five of the levy
13. abdomen
(1) appendicitis, right lower abdominal pain + = metastatic Maxwell point tenderness (pain, men Tong) + WBC increased
(2) intestinal obstruction: abdominal pain + vomiting + Expansion + closed + X line (Banana / fluid level)
causes: mechanical and dynamic
revascularization: simple and strangulated
level: complete and incomplete
parts: high and low
(3) history of gastrointestinal ulcer perforation = + sudden severe abdominal pain with peritoneal irritation + + subdiaphragmatic free gas
(4) Ectopic Pregnancy = postmenopausal vaginal bleeding + History + abdominal pain (cervical pain held) + human chorionic gonadotropin
(5) of ovarian cyst torsion = pain + sudden position changes and a cystic mass
(6) = curettage surgery of acute pelvic inflammatory disease + abnormal vaginal discharge lower abdominal pain + abdominal + pain (cervical pain held) + purulent discharge
14. digestive system tumors
(1) gastric = old + black + it + Kanying law change + chronic ulcer pain upper abdominal pain + abdominal mass + weight loss + left supraclavicular lymph nodes
(2) = progressive dysphagia of esophageal cancer (the late) + retrosternal burning pain (early) + food choking feeling (early)
(5) pancreatic cancer (pancreatic cancer, periampullary cancer) = old + pain + jaundice aggravated sexual clay color stool + skin itching
(6) colon cancer: old + change in bowel habits weight loss + + CEA + abdominal mass
15. anus, rectum benign lesions
(1) painless hemorrhoid = + it with bloody vein-like mass of blood +
(2) external hemorrhoids = anal pain + anus blood + tender will be mass
(3) when it will be after anal fissure = pain + anal anal fissure
16.
renal injury blunt abdominal trauma injury + hematuria
= waist traumatic hepatic rupture = right abdominal peritoneal irritation + + shifting dullness
rupture = left abdominal pain + abdominal injury + All
intestinal rupture = abdominal bleeding abdomen trauma + peritoneal irritation yellow liquid
+ puncture 17. hernia (inguinal hernia) = increased abdominal pressure elderly men + + + right lower abdomen into the scrotum tumor
digestive diseases for further examination
1. stomach Mirror, colonoscopy, colonoscopy
2. gastroenterography
3. Abdominal B-, CT
4. upright abdominal plain film
5. stool: routine examination, occult blood, culture and parasitic Check
6.HP worm detection
7. peritoneal puncture
8. lymph node biopsy or liver biopsy (case monitoring)
9. laboratory:
(1) urine amylase
(2) AFP, CEA, CA19-9 carbohydrate antigen
(3) urine routine examination, liver and kidney function, electrolytes, blood gas analysis
digestive treatment principles < br>
a general treatment: attention to rest, diet / fasting, life guidance
Second, the cause of treatment
(1) ulcer: PPI class of acid-suppressing drugs of choice can be added with mucosal protective agent, If H. pylori infection should be treated with combined sterilization, commonly used triple therapy or quadruple therapy: PPI, colloidal bismuth combined two antibiotics
(2) application of broad-spectrum antibiotics, anti-infection treatment, anti-shock
( 3) obstruction / peritonitis: fasting, gastrointestinal decompression
(4) to maintain water and electrolyte acid-base balance
three, four
symptomatic treatment, surgical: resection or repair
five tumors: 1 ) surgery
2) radiotherapy + chemotherapy + immunotherapy + Chinese medicine treatment
diagnosis of respiratory diseases formula
1. acute upper respiratory tract infection = sore throat + cough + fever
2. pneumonia
(1) Lobar = adult + cold + fever + cough rusty sputum
(2) Klebsiella pneumonia = cough brick-red sputum + X-ray film empty
(3) Mycoplasma pneumonia = cough + children + irritating + joint pain antibiotics ineffective
(4) = infants and young children with bronchial pneumonia breathing difficulties + fever + symptoms (nasal flap, three depressions sign positive)
(5), Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia, sepsis = heat + chest pain + sputum + X ray sheet film
3. Tuberculosis
(1) TB = young + hemoptysis + Afternoon + fever + night sweats antibiotic treatment had no significant effect < br> (2) = TB + TB pleurisy signs of pleural effusion (chest pain disappeared + percussion + fremitus real audio / breath sounds disappear)
(3) tuberculous pericarditis, pericardial effusion = TB + signs (heart before District pain + abdominal breathing difficulties Fullness + + lower extremity edema)
(4) intestinal tuberculosis = TB + abdominal symptoms (abdominal pain, diarrhea, right lower abdominal mass)
(5) TB = TB + abdominal peritonitis inflammation (abdominal pain, diarrhea, abdominal wall flexibility and a sense of)
(6) renal tuberculosis = TB + + bladder irritation, thinning of the renal parenchyma and destructive
4. bronchiectasis = childhood whooping cough or measles delayed healing of bronchial pneumonia purulent cough + history + + hemoptysis
5.COPD = old (smoking) + sputum + asthma + barrel chest pulmonary function tests, FEV1/FVC% less than a second rate of 70%
6 . abscess = smelly pus sputum + heat + X-ray films / CT shows fluid level
7. lung cancer = in + elderly + irritating cough, bloody sputum + weight loss + X ray burr
8. Cor = history of chronic lung disease + enlarged heart
Evolution order: chronic bronchitis - Emphysema - Pulmonary Heart Disease
9. paroxysmal bronchial asthma or recurrent wheezing + = auscultation wheezing allergy
10 + . respiratory failure, chronic lung disease = history of cyanosis + + blood gas analysis
I type: PaO2 <60mmHg PaCO2 normal - severe pneumonia induced
II Type: PaO2 <60mmHg PaCO2> 50mmHg-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
11. chest blunt trauma
(1) tension pneumothorax chest trauma history + = extensive subcutaneous emphysema (grip snow flu) + offset + tracheal breath sound percussion drum sound + disappear
(2) = hemothorax tracheal trauma history + chest percussion dullness + offset + + X ray decreased breath sounds costophrenic angle disappeared, curved high density
(3) history of chest trauma and rib fractures = + bone fricative
respiratory disease surveillance project
1. chest X films, chest CT
2.PPD, ESR
3. sputum culture + sensitivity test, sputum Mycobacterium tuberculosis
find 4. lung function
5. liver and kidney function
6. Blood gas analysis
7. bronchoscopy
8. sputum cytology testing
9. lymph node biopsy
10. blood Conventional electrolyte
respiratory diseases treatment principles
1. General treatment: rest, nutrition, prevention of infection / oxygen
2. symptomatic treatment / drug treatment
(1) anti-infective therapy: use of broad spectrum antibiotics or combination therapy
(2) anti-TB treatment: early, regular, joint, rules, full
(3) anti-shock: expansion, the use of vascular active drug
(4) Control of hemoptysis: pituitrin
(5) fever, cough, asthma, expectorant
(6) correct the acid-base balance
3. tumors ( lung cancer)
(1) surgery
(2) radiotherapy + chemotherapy + immunotherapy + Chinese medicine treatment
diagnosis of circulatory system diseases formula
1 . coronary heart disease = chest pain narrowing
(1) = chest narrowing angina pain <30 minutes, 3-5-minute / second, + with rest or nitroglycerin can relieve mouth + ECG: ST segment horizontal depression
(2) MI = chest pain, narrowing of> 30 minutes, rest or mouth can not be relieved with nitroglycerin sense of impending doom + sweating + + ECG: ST segment elevation arched up < br> V1-6 extensive anterior wall myocardial infarction
V1-3 anteroseptal myocardial infarction
V3-5 limitations of anterior myocardial infarction
V5-6 anterolateral myocardial infarction
Ⅱ, Ⅲ, aVF inferior myocardial infarction
I, aVL high lateral myocardial infarction
Killip classification of cardiac function: acute myocardial infarction patients to assess heart function
I Class: No sound and lungs The third heart sound
II level: the lungs are sound, but the sound range is less than 1 / 2 lung field
III level: the extent of lung sounds is greater than 1 / 2 lung field (pulmonary edema)
IV Grade: cardiogenic shock
2.
hypertension patients by absolute level of cardiovascular risk stratification (normal 140/90) < br> 1 级 140-159 or 90-99 below 160/100
2 级 160-179 or 100-109 lower than the 180/110
3 级 ≥ 180 or ≥ 110
risk The degree of
low risk: a. Lifestyle.
in crisis: 1 + 2 factors; 2 is not accompanied by factors of 2 or lower. Drug treatment.
risk :1-2 + at least three factors, target organ damage. Rules of drug treatment.
very high risk: 3; 1-2 level + of target organ damage, there are complications. Intensive treatment as soon as possible.
3. CHF = left lung (cycle) the right body (circulation)
left heart failure = pink foamy sputum cough + shortness of breath (at night can not be supine, orthopnea, after the event)
right heart failure = jugular vein engorgement + lower extremity edema, hepatomegaly +
I
NYHA class daily activities are not limited
II Class-level activity with mild limitation
III obviously limited
IV class symptoms at rest
right heart failure left ventricular failure + = Full HF
4. arrhythmia:
(1) the absolute heart rate ranging from + AF = short pulse constraints + ECG + f wave strength of the first heart sound varies
(2) = paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia paroxysmal palpitation + sudden sudden stop + ECG (no P waves, heart rate 160-250 beats / points)
(3) = paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia of sudden onset of palpitation + History + ECG past more than 3 consecutive fast wide QRS wave + cardiac malformations have been won / Room fusion wave
( 4) Other: See some of the third leg of electrocardiographic
5. valvular heart disease
(1) mitral stenosis = dyspnea (exertional, paroxysmal, night, orthopnea, pulmonary edema) + acute massive hemoptysis, sputum + pear-shaped pink bubble-like heart + rumbling noise
(2) = mitral regurgitation in acute left heart failure / chronic advanced stage failure or total failure + left apical systolic all rough hair-like noise, to the armpit or the left subscapular angle conduction
(3) aortic stenosis = breathing difficulties + angina + syncope + ejection murmur to the neck conduction
(4) aortic valve palpitations + angina + incomplete = paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea + AustinFliht noise + peripheral vascular symptoms (flush pulse, Mussctz symptoms, carotid fluctuates significantly, and capillary pulsation Zheng, arterial tone and Durozicz shooting levy)
noise occurs mainly during the switch flap valve noise properties
opening rumble of mitral stenosis and diastolic mitral regurgitation like
off hair-like
systolic aortic stenosis systolic jet-like
open aortic insufficiency diastolic related sigh like
6. shock signs = P ↑ + Bp ↓ + speed + pulse cold limbs, hair thin
(1) hemorrhagic Hugh shock signs + bleeding
(2) signs of cardiogenic shock = shock + left heart failure
cardiovascular system to further examine
1. electrocardiogram, dynamic ECG
2. echocardiography
3. chest X ray
4. fundus examination (hypertension), radionuclide
5. myocardial enzyme
6.
blood gas analysis 7. blood, blood lipids, blood glucose, serum potassium, liver and kidney function
8. cardiac catheterization
9. coronary angiography
10. myocardial necrosis markers (myoglobin, troponin, creatine kinase isoenzyme CK-MB)
cardiovascular treatment principles
1. General treatment: attention to rest, lifestyle changes (such as smoking cessation alcohol, low sodium low-fat diet, moderate exercise) , testing, care
2. Hypertension:
(1) diuretics, B blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACEI (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors), angiotensin II by Inhibitor
(2) control of complications. Such as heart failure, diabetes, cerebrovascular disease, renal failure, coronary heart disease
3. Coronary heart disease:
symptomatic treatment: control of arrhythmias, improve cardiac function, myocardial infarction II thrombolytic or interventional therapy to prevent
< br> control of shock, heart failure
correct anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy: aspirin, heparin
4. fibrillation:
drugs cardioversion, use of amiodarone
slow ventricular rate, the choice of cedilanid
5. heart failure:
diuretic, ACEI, B blockers, inotropic drugs (digitalis: to Xin high cedilanid. non-digitalis : dopamine, milrinone), cardiac pacemakers
6. valvular heart disease:
cause of treatment, valve replacement, urinary system diseases such as diagnostic
formula
1. Renal glomerulonephritis: eyelid / facial edema and history of streptococcal infection + young + + C3 + hematuria and proteinuria decreased blood pressure
2. urinary tract infection
(1) = Female + pyelonephritis back pain + fever + pyuria , WBC tube
(2) acute exacerbation of chronic pyelonephritis = urinary bladder irritation, injury history + + recurrent low back pain + fever + pain + WBC knocked on kidney area increased
(3) lower urinary tract infection = Married women + hot + bladder irritation
3. hematuria after kidney stones = activities waist colic + B + X-over or
4. ureteral stones = activity after lumbar colic hematuria + + X-ray examination
5. RCC = old + (painless) gross hematuria
6. nephritis, renal failure = years of history of hypertension hematuria and proteinuria + + serum creatinine (compensation of 133, 442 decompensated , failure of 707, uremia) increased
7. prostatic hyperplasia = elderly + urinary + progressive dysuria
further examination of urinary system diseases
1. Abdominal B- plain film
2. urine routine, ESR, renal function, blood gas analysis
3. pyelography
4. biopsies
5. gynecologic examination
6. creatinine, glomerular filtration rate
7. renal function
8. radionuclide renography
9. cystoscopic treatment of urinary system
principles
1. General treatment: attention to rest , low sodium / low protein diet
2. symptomatic treatment
(1) anti-infective
(2) diuretic antihypertensive
(3) dialysis
(4) to correct fluid and electrolyte acid-base disorders
3. surgical treatment: surgical resection or incision
4. Tumor (kidney cancer)
5. hemodialysis
1. hyperthyroidism = sudden palpitations + eye (eyes bulging) + emotional + sweating + goiter
check: T3/T4/TSH 131I radionuclide thyroid
2. Thyroid cancer Thyroid + B = Super nodules
3. Diabetes = a little more than three, blood glucose: fasting 7.0, meal 11.1, OGTT
(1) 1 = more than three a diabetes incidence of acute + low + young + rotten apple
(2) 2 = middle-aged diabetic slow onset + + easy to ketoacidosis diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar
difference: the limit of blood sugar with 33.3
check: fructosamine, insulin release experiments, C peptide release assay, glycosylated hemoglobin
general treatment : life guidance, diet, physical exercise, disease monitoring, drug treatment to prevent complications
:
promote secretagogues, sulfonylurea -2 type of non-obese, diet and exercise control is not ideal
biguanide - Obesity who
insulin and Type 2 -1 complications
a glucosidase inhibitor - postprandial hyperglycemia diagnosis of blood diseases
formula
1. leukemic = heat + sternal tenderness, bleeding tendency + + pancytopenia
2. aplastic anemia = appearance + + three-line to reduce bleeding tendency
3. autoimmune hemolytic anemia, anemia = appearance + Coombs (antiglobulin test) Positive + splenomegaly
4. Serum iron deficiency anemia = down + anemic appearance (pale skin and mucous membranes) + women menorrhagia or digestive system tumors
5. idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura = Women + bleeding tendency + thrombocytopenia (less than 100-109), red white blood cell count normal
6.DIC = extended multi-site bleeding + PT +3 P test positive blood diseases
further examination
1. Bone marrow biopsy
2. cell morphology
3. liver and kidney function, abdominal B-
4.
blood blood disease therapy
general treatment: Closed infection control, use of broad spectrum antibiotics
leukemia: chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation
chemotherapy:
acute leukemia, acute lymphoblastic-DVLP program
(daunorubicin, vincristine, L-aspartate lactamases, prednisone)
acute Fei Lin-DA program
(daunorubicin, cytarabine)
promyelocytic - RA
autoimmune chronic leukemia
hemolytic anemia: glucocorticoids, splenectomy
TTP: corticosteroids, splenectomy
aplastic anemia: male hormones, immune agents, bone marrow transplantation
anemia: iron supplements + VC, severe anemia before surgery can be RBC
women with systemic lupus erythematosus = erythema + butterfly + photosensitivity + ulcer positive
+ arthritis + ANA + RA = single large joint
rheumatoid joints Yan = middle-aged women + + RF-positive symmetrical small joint septic arthritis
= Youth + heat =
osteoarthritis bone fricative / bone rubbing sense + activity after the increase, pain relief after the break
formula
poisoning diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning = coal stove + Cherry + COHB
increased exposure to organophosphorus pesticide poisoning = needle-like changes history + pupil + garlic + audio + bile wet lung auscultation alkaline esterase activity was reduced cerebral vascular disease diagnosis
formula
1. intracerebral hemorrhage = + hypertension in elderly patients with acute onset of + consciousness + + Location signs
2. thrombosis = resting state disease (coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia)
3. pathogenesis of acute cerebral embolism = + heart emboli (subacute endocarditis)
pulmonary dyspnea + chest pain + = hemoptysis, leg bolt son (varicose veins / lower limb gangrene)
4. pathogenesis of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage = + meningeal irritation + CT
5. infarction = hypertension + paralysis + CT
no lesions meningitis diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis formula
+ = meningeal irritation with symptoms (fever night sweats)
disease brain = meningeal irritation + virus infection (fever)
of meningeal irritation + Brain = purulent ( heat)
ECM = meningeal irritation + + skin in winter and spring ecchymosis
mucosa petechia meningeal irritation JE = + + respiratory failure, brain injury
summer and autumn the Diagnosis formula
1. concussion = transient loss of consciousness (coma a few minutes) + retrograde amnesia
2. acute epidural hematoma = + intermediate wake of traumatic brain injury (coma - conscious - unconscious) + CT shuttle shaped hematoma
3. subdural hematoma = persistent coma
4. herniation = mydriasis + cardiopulmonary arrest
diagnosis of infectious diseases formula
1. HAV = fever + jaundice + HAV (+) + fecal-oral transmission
2. Hepatitis B = fever + jaundice + HBV (+) + body fluids
3. Hepatitis C = fever + jaundice + HCV (+) + blood-borne
4. AIDS = contact history + fever + weight loss + HIV (+)
diagnosis of gynecological diseases formula
1. ectopic pregnancy, menopause, history + = severe abdominal pain + abdominal mass, vaginal bleeding + + cervical lifting pain
2. ovarian tumor torsion = acute lower abdominal pain + mass + no shock without anemia, HCG (-), no history of postmenopausal vaginal bleeding and
3. acute pelvic inflammatory disease = abdominal pain (cervical give pain) + heat + vaginal discharge
4. cervical cancer = contact bleeding or irregular vaginal bleeding + cauliflower excrescence (Ib of limited cervical, Ib1 of longitude <= 4cm)
5 . Ovarian cancer = older women + + bloating + abdominal mass, weight loss
6. Uterine fibroids = women of childbearing age as excessive + + + anemia increase the appearance of uterine pediatric diagnosis
formula
1. infants and children with diarrhea (rotavirus infections)
= season (autumn and winter) + stool samples dilute water + heat
dehydrated egg drop soup indexing (1) mild:
( 2) Moderate: small limbs, oliguria cold tears
(3) severe: no urine of blood pressure lowering
dehydration properties of cold extremities: diagnostic serum sodium level of 130-150
: 1. rotary virus enteritis (heavy / light)
2. severe (moderate / mild) hypertonic (isotonic / hypotonic) dehydration
3. Others, such as metabolic acidosis
rehydration therapy:
1. Principle:
2. the first day of infusion volume, speed and type of
(1) Total
(2) speed
(3) types of
3. The next day rehydration
4. Drug treatment: infection control, protection of intestinal
2. eruptive diseases in children with
(1) measles = fever + flu + body on the mucosal papules + measles spots
(2 ) rubella = fever + flu + red papules on the ear lymph nodes + tender
(3) Emergency = protruding heat + hot back rash
(4) RV = herpes low heat + water + to itchy Mind distribution
(5) scarlet = fever + sore throat + strawberry tongue + rash in skin folds more vulnerable to friction parts densely
3. Nutritional vitamin D deficiency rickets = irritable temperament in children fed properly + + bone changes (costophrenic sulcus, frog belly, O-leg) + serum calcium + phosphorus
lower limb fracture and dislocation of large joints proprietary fracture diagnostic formula
signs: unusual activity / sense of bones rub / abnormalities
1. humerus surgical neck fracture of the shoulder injury + = arm movement disorder
2. humeral fracture = history of trauma disorder + down + upper arm wrist
3. humerus fractures = pediatric + + with hands palm down after elbow triangle of elbow pain in the normal +
4. fractures of the distal radius = wrist injury + + front side silver fork-like spear-like
5. = radial head subluxation in children + strong stretch upper
6. = posterior dislocation of hip pain in his legs + + side of the lower extremity hip shorten + limb adduction internal rotation deformity
7. = palm of your hand with anterior shoulder dislocation in the contralateral injured + hand care and positive signs ipsilateral elbow + CJR
8. femoral neck fracture = hip external rotation of limb deformities trauma + + trochanter Move
+ Pauwels angle
acute purulent soft tissue painful swelling of infection =
1. carbuncle = middle-aged + fever chills swollen knot + + skin ulceration after hard honeycomb sores
2. subcutaneous cellulitis = acute painful swelling of traumatic + + skin temperature fluctuation of + swelling sense, ill + a pus
3. erysipelas = limbs or facial flaky skin erythema + + bulge + recur clear boundary
4. Acute lymphangitis / lymphadenitis = subcutaneous red lines + local lymph nodes of breast disease diagnosis tenderness
formula
1. Acute mastitis = breast tenderness pregnant women + + hot + WBC increased
acute mastitis + floating feeling = abscess formation
2. breast cystic hyperplasia = cyclical breast tenderness + + tired after the palpable mass increased
3. breast cancer risk factors + = quality hard painless lump + axillary lymph node is not smooth swelling
treatment principles:
1. General treatment: rest, nutrition, health and other
2. symptomatic therapy / drug therapy / etiology treatment
3. surgical treatment
4. Tumor Treatment < / p>.
Thursday, March 24, 2011
Shanghai one thousand nine hundred forty-three
Sui Ping
faintly visible in the words I have not returned the old home rice
grandfather write a regular script filled with gold Ge
carved doors and windows covered with slanting sun reflected
In the mottled brick walls
I have not returned to the old home rice
Grandpa used to write a regular script full of black and white photographs and I faced
father and mother begin to imagine the appearance of the year
saying a mouthful of soft speaking girl
Bund walked slowly disappeared
old days
one thousand nine hundred forty-three
memory lane in time has become very slow < br> small alleys
old folks are white walls and black tiles that era
sadness of the disappearance of the old days
one thousand nine hundred forty-three
look back at some of the fragments
Weathered old record players, old suitcases
tin filled with postcards hidden in a rose petal in
words: Vincent Fang Music: Jay
lrc produced by william prince < br>
gold carved doors and windows covered with Ge
slanting sun reflected in the mottled brick walls
I have not returned to the old home rice
grandfather brewed bean paste then
< br> I am facing the black and white photographs
father and mother begin to imagine the appearance of the year
said a mouthful of soft speaking girl
slowly disappeared through the Bund old days
one thousand nine hundred forty-three
memories of the way in time become very slow
small alleys
old folks are white walls and black tiles that 's a touch of sadness
disappearance of the old
one thousand nine hundred forty-three
time to look back there are some fragments of weathered
old record players, old suitcase full of postcards
hidden in a tin in rose petals.
faintly visible in the words I have not returned the old home rice
grandfather write a regular script filled with gold Ge
carved doors and windows covered with slanting sun reflected
In the mottled brick walls
I have not returned to the old home rice
Grandpa used to write a regular script full of black and white photographs and I faced
father and mother begin to imagine the appearance of the year
saying a mouthful of soft speaking girl
Bund walked slowly disappeared
old days
one thousand nine hundred forty-three
memory lane in time has become very slow < br> small alleys
old folks are white walls and black tiles that era
sadness of the disappearance of the old days
one thousand nine hundred forty-three
look back at some of the fragments
Weathered old record players, old suitcases
tin filled with postcards hidden in a rose petal in
words: Vincent Fang Music: Jay
lrc produced by william prince < br>
gold carved doors and windows covered with Ge
slanting sun reflected in the mottled brick walls
I have not returned to the old home rice
grandfather brewed bean paste then
< br> I am facing the black and white photographs
father and mother begin to imagine the appearance of the year
said a mouthful of soft speaking girl
slowly disappeared through the Bund old days
one thousand nine hundred forty-three
memories of the way in time become very slow
small alleys
old folks are white walls and black tiles that 's a touch of sadness
disappearance of the old
one thousand nine hundred forty-three
time to look back there are some fragments of weathered
old record players, old suitcase full of postcards
hidden in a tin in rose petals.
Wednesday, March 23, 2011
Alpha -ray _ Sina blog
Personal information
alpha rays
blog rating:
blog points: 3231
blog visit: 992,127
concern Popularity: 744
profile domain name aefsx
this blog , is the Alpha Pinyin ray initials. blog popularity has reached 95 million, the blog has reached 3200 points points, congratulate yourself about ~ ~ ~
Sina microblogging
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music player
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comments
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message
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Links
base the headquarters of Inter Milan fans
Times Sina UC Master
Photo Player
visitors
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friends
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recent European Championship qualifiers Jijiangkaida, support the national teams of the kids are the operation, but many found the recent photo of the kids fell in love with football bathroom
Atletico Madrid 2-1 away, Ozil remarkable performance, has been described as his excellent performance can be everywhere
left Huna small file: English name is Nadja, birthday 1988-01-23 Age: 21 years old Blood Type: O type Birthplace: Chongqing - Shapingba
Height: 172 cm Weight: 48 kg Bust: 84 cm Waist: 58 cm Hips: 88 cm Shoes: 37 yards language: Mandarin, English or Yu reported the Asian Cup soccer baby, had access to Sina games playgirl this title, also at the 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games opening and closing ceremonies to do guide member can see there is a public good and the beautiful girls love.
19 years old, a the smallest rock to the many TV's female one woman, Betty Sun created a series of classic screen image. In recent years, he moved to the big screen she starred in the film colors or the different roles of sadness or joy.
Sun Li - drama queen. good shape for more than a sincere, strong and persistent, dare to seek the image of true love. She became famous after participating
I love make-up by Winston Chu, like perfume, trance, sleep, curly hair, do nails, brush eyelashes, wearing a skirt, high heels, perfume, lily, mothers, since the crazy, incoherent, shopping, writing, phone, MMS, hug, Funny, attachment, giggle, cross-legged, like a baby, the feeling of love to sing ... ...
charming and sexy football baby full nude by Winston Chu (Photos) football the most open nude photo baby Mayi Na (Photos) Sina BLOG feedback message board About Sina SINA English.
alpha rays
blog rating:
blog points: 3231
blog visit: 992,127
concern Popularity: 744
profile domain name aefsx
this blog , is the Alpha Pinyin ray initials. blog popularity has reached 95 million, the blog has reached 3200 points points, congratulate yourself about ~ ~ ~
Sina microblogging
Loading ...
music player
Loading ...
comments
Loading ...
message
Loading ...
Links
base the headquarters of Inter Milan fans
Times Sina UC Master
Photo Player
visitors
Loading ...
friends
Loading ...
recent European Championship qualifiers Jijiangkaida, support the national teams of the kids are the operation, but many found the recent photo of the kids fell in love with football bathroom
Atletico Madrid 2-1 away, Ozil remarkable performance, has been described as his excellent performance can be everywhere
left Huna small file: English name is Nadja, birthday 1988-01-23 Age: 21 years old Blood Type: O type Birthplace: Chongqing - Shapingba
Height: 172 cm Weight: 48 kg Bust: 84 cm Waist: 58 cm Hips: 88 cm Shoes: 37 yards language: Mandarin, English or Yu reported the Asian Cup soccer baby, had access to Sina games playgirl this title, also at the 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games opening and closing ceremonies to do guide member can see there is a public good and the beautiful girls love.
19 years old, a the smallest rock to the many TV's female one woman, Betty Sun created a series of classic screen image. In recent years, he moved to the big screen she starred in the film colors or the different roles of sadness or joy.
Sun Li - drama queen. good shape for more than a sincere, strong and persistent, dare to seek the image of true love. She became famous after participating
I love make-up by Winston Chu, like perfume, trance, sleep, curly hair, do nails, brush eyelashes, wearing a skirt, high heels, perfume, lily, mothers, since the crazy, incoherent, shopping, writing, phone, MMS, hug, Funny, attachment, giggle, cross-legged, like a baby, the feeling of love to sing ... ...
charming and sexy football baby full nude by Winston Chu (Photos) football the most open nude photo baby Mayi Na (Photos) Sina BLOG feedback message board About Sina SINA English.
At least 82 U.S. youths play the choking game deaths
State.
deadly game
for U.S. students, one after another school shooting has been threatening their lives. However, due to a product called the safety of American students has become another hazard. the United States first report on the killed.
suffocate yourself in the next state.
principle of this game is through artificial means, so that some functions of human organs disorder, mainly so that blood can not flow to the brain, heart, leading to transient cerebral ischemia, there choking, suffocation after this person died of syncope is similar to the edge. asphyxia in the process, people will have some strange feelings. this feeling varies, some people have the feeling of floating, there who will produce hallucinations.
After the shock caused by falls and fractures.
the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention last year, the first nationwide survey conducted for this game. It was found that about 20% of American young people played this game. In between 1995 to 2007, because at least 82 young people playing Bureau of State Secretary Andrew forensic identification of the .
Andrew said, to 3 people died of death.
As to why the game can be deadly epidemic, investigators have found it difficult to understand. as well as schools and summer camps to learn game Egypt, the United Kingdom, Australia, India and South Africa have also appeared on
deadly game
for U.S. students, one after another school shooting has been threatening their lives. However, due to a product called the safety of American students has become another hazard. the United States first report on the killed.
suffocate yourself in the next state.
principle of this game is through artificial means, so that some functions of human organs disorder, mainly so that blood can not flow to the brain, heart, leading to transient cerebral ischemia, there choking, suffocation after this person died of syncope is similar to the edge. asphyxia in the process, people will have some strange feelings. this feeling varies, some people have the feeling of floating, there who will produce hallucinations.
After the shock caused by falls and fractures.
the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention last year, the first nationwide survey conducted for this game. It was found that about 20% of American young people played this game. In between 1995 to 2007, because at least 82 young people playing Bureau of State Secretary Andrew forensic identification of the .
Andrew said, to 3 people died of death.
As to why the game can be deadly epidemic, investigators have found it difficult to understand. as well as schools and summer camps to learn game Egypt, the United Kingdom, Australia, India and South Africa have also appeared on
Monday, March 21, 2011
A beauty in the value of social networking in the number of
More important for the social networking beauty ?
51 and the giant beauty contest is being held .
beauty giant and 51 are well aware of the importance of the game and the community .
Audition crazy because of the presence of beauty , And then evolved into a one-night stand base .
51 fortune in one night stands, the importance of beauty is particularly important for its .
Sohu blog has launched a beauty channel, the value of value is also beautiful .
and a beauty for The value of a community in the end be? do you have a standard ?
Previously, I have a community of data, a beautiful woman in the community about the value of 1,000 yuan .
This value is calculated from an activity The .
a beauty contest , with a beautiful woman to participate in N1 , N2 a user to vote . That is a beauty to attract N2/N1 users , we tentatively the data M1.
the site after Outside the station to promote , to spend P1 million for N3 users , which means that the cost of access each user is P1/N3, our tentative figure is M2.
male to female ratio of the site is M3.
haha , The following calculation we get the idea , we can comment below , I have no idea and I look the same .
51 and the giant beauty contest is being held .
beauty giant and 51 are well aware of the importance of the game and the community .
Audition crazy because of the presence of beauty , And then evolved into a one-night stand base .
51 fortune in one night stands, the importance of beauty is particularly important for its .
Sohu blog has launched a beauty channel, the value of value is also beautiful .
and a beauty for The value of a community in the end be? do you have a standard ?
Previously, I have a community of data, a beautiful woman in the community about the value of 1,000 yuan .
This value is calculated from an activity The .
a beauty contest , with a beautiful woman to participate in N1 , N2 a user to vote . That is a beauty to attract N2/N1 users , we tentatively the data M1.
the site after Outside the station to promote , to spend P1 million for N3 users , which means that the cost of access each user is P1/N3, our tentative figure is M2.
male to female ratio of the site is M3.
haha , The following calculation we get the idea , we can comment below , I have no idea and I look the same .
Thursday, March 3, 2011
Application of self
We all know that college is the undergraduate thesis to write, and this year I graduated from July 1 to leave school. My thesis is the in the end to get something? we can look to provide our bloger their criticism and see if there is a reasonable place.
Blog application of self-education
Qufu Normal University Institute of Information Technology and Communication, Educational Technology 2002 Level Wang Guichuan
Instructor: Li Shun
Abstract: . In recent years, with information technology in education advocacy, education Blog unexpected speed to rapid spread of people, more and more school teachers, university students and teachers, educational administrators have the construction manager has not only since his Blog.Blog only a personal The application also has attracted much attention. students learn in their daily life, using Blog to collect data, reflect on their learning situation, such as exchanges and cooperation with others, can truly and deeply reflect student initiative and creativity reflected so that students can achieve in their own way to improve their quality. articles and features on Blog Blog applied to the theory of self-education based analysis, on the Blog in the application of self-education in a preliminary study and exploration.
Keywords: Blog; self-education; constructivist learning theory; knowledge management; self-reflection; self-evaluation
Studies on Scheme of The Ego Educate Apply Of The Blog
Author: Wang guichuan
Grade 2002, Information Technology & Communication College, Qufu Normal University
Tutor: Li shun
Abstract: advantage. In recent years, along with the initiation of information-based education, the education Blog is universal unexpectedly, more and more primary and junior high school teachers, university teachers and the students, education administration's governor constucts to rise their own Blog in succession . The Blog has already not only a personal , the Blog educates in the ego of the application also causes people's value increasingly.In the daily study life, the student makes use of Blog to collect data, carry on introspect to own study condition and communicates with others cooperation etc., can be true , thoroughly the reflection student's body appear of active and create sex, make the exaltation that the student can carry out the oneself character according to own way.The article analyzed Blog the characteristics and Blog to apply the educational theories foundation is in the ego, to the Blog in the ego education of the application carried on first step research and quest.
Key Words: Blog; The ego educate; Construct doctrine study theories; The knowledge manage; Introspect; The ego evaluate
1. Introduction < br> As the information technology in education and development of a reference to the network of available education subject to limitations, so that people can be cross-regional, cross-national, interdisciplinary learning, resulting in a wealth of learning resources to enable each to benefit teachers and students. too so the network concept of the learning environment, the growing impact on people's learning philosophy how to keep your network as soon as possible to study in an effort to constantly improve themselves and optimization of self, the formation of good autonomy, psychological characteristics of creative personality, so that their overall quality and ability to self-improve and enhance education, has become the present study The problem must be addressed.
Blog, also known as , the original meaning of and writing, students will virtually change the thinking ability, writing ability and the ability to obtain information. With the rapid development of network education, Blog is read by its flexibility and ease of use and become the darling of the Internet Age .
2. self-education and self-education Blog
the meaning of different ways, broadly educated self-education refers to a certain world outlook and methodology, awareness and education of their own subjective world and the whole process, also known as self-cultivation. that people have formed their own ideological and moral basis to make certain goals, and monitor their own practice and evaluate their own practice. narrow self-education or self-criticism, is one of moral education.
Marxism The moral of that self-education is unified with the education process. Self-education is the result of education, further education is the conditions and intrinsic motivation. So, in the education process should pay full attention to self-education, to play the main role of the educated play the main autonomous, self-conscious as the object of education to enhance and improve themselves. the use of self-education method, which requires educators to be in accordance with the educated mind to properly guide the development stage, to make educated the educators requirements into their own goals, to help learners build up a clear right and wrong and truth, goodness and beauty of the pursuit, to train students self-awareness, self-monitoring and self-evaluation capabilities and master the use of criticism and self-criticism approach to ultimately improve the overall quality of the educated.
from the quality of the educational theory of learning and practice, we can very well aware that such a reason: to improve the overall quality of students, in large part by the student autonomy, creative development, teachers will only play a role in coaching and guidance. Thus, under the guidance of teachers, students in learning, life, practice self-education in a creative manner, to fully tap the potential of self-development of students, is the full implementation of quality education, improve the quality of the shortcut.
in the country, since last year, the Education Blog to the rapid rate of unexpected people, more and more school teachers, university students and teachers, education administration manager have their own building from the Blog. in normal students of classroom teaching, graduate research and training of teachers and even exchanges between experts, Blog has a wide range of applications. Blog is precisely because of the development conform to the network education trends, its development has been into the fast lane, with its facilitation by more and more people love. some people as is the second Blog E-mail, BBS, instant messaging communication network after the fourth , fashion, the rapid development that shocked the world. Thus, under the guidance of teachers, using Blog with the characteristics of the students carry out self-education creative network will also become a trend of educational development. Today's Blog is not just us e-learning is a good helper, and it is recorded that we think the best way of learning and it has become our education and an integral part of the self-education.
3.Blog features
students in daily study and life, using Blog to learn the status of their own reflection, research, and to study their records into the narrative, can truly and deeply reflect the students reflected the initiative and creativity, the use of self-education in this way is worthwhile to promote . Blog many features, but also makes use of self-education possible Blog. the country has a large number of researchers analyzed the characteristics and role of education in Blog, such as:
(1) The new narrative research platform: Blog as Narrative platform for the research report will be written as the carrier of the past, narrative study architecture in the modern information technology platform to achieve new development in the study of narrative;
(2) digital mode of transmission: Blog digitally narrative report, narrative research makes it easier for preservation, distribution, reproduction, so that the scope of globalization, the spread of narrative research, as long as the knock on moving your fingertips, your story can be transmitted to the network; the other hand, you can easily get someone else's narrative report data;
(3) the production and dissemination of short cycle: the books, magazines and newspapers as the carrier of the narrative report, the production and dissemination of the cycle is very long, and narrative reports on the Blog can be refreshed every minute;
(4 ) technology low: official publication of the narrative report, need to go through a number of dream, as long as you want, you can at any time, any place to publish your narrative story, while readers around the world share your research results;
(5) across time and space, the full exchange: Blog to Narrative research breakthroughs a small group of individuals researchers, between researchers and by researchers, readers and researchers can expand sufficiently between the exchange and create more wisdom;
4.Blog applied to the theoretical basis of self-education - -
constructivist learning theory of constructivism that knowledge is not taught by teachers get, but in certain situations learners that social and cultural background, with other people (including teachers and learning partners) to help with the necessary learning information, by the way the construction of meaning access. Since learning is that in certain situations under the social and cultural background, with the help of others through collaborative activities among people realize the significance of the construction process, so that the constructivist learning theory Situation, one kind of consistent with cognitive psychology constructivist learning tool. For example: Blog of the learning platform using the integrated use of resources, links, documents, pictures, sound or video, you can create learning environment so that any interested people to participate to learning in the past, and generally the Blog has a clear theme or task, making the discussion and learn more targeted; Blog works because the shared features, they were able to get a different point of view, Blog users message each other, exchange ideas, to solve a single person can not solve the problem, the process is both a collaborative session; in the process of collaboration and conversation, thinking of each learner outcomes (wisdom) is shared by all, not only to diagnose their own point of view, but also can promote self-reflection, students learn the content reflected the nature of things, laws and other things, the things and the intrinsic link between achieving a more profound understanding, and ultimately complete the construction of meaning. Thus, Blog well in line with the constructivist learning theory, constructivism is a practical approach to learning better techniques.
5.Blog
self-education applications for now, Blog following the courseware has become a , Resource Library, Education Website, and information after teaching a new network application model. so, Blog in the self-education in the end there are those applications? combination of the characteristics of the Blog and constructivist learning theory analysis, I think the Blog Application of self-education about the following expression:
5.1
Blog accumulation of learning materials is characterized by one of the greatest written and recorded to provide a platform for people to record the information they need, write down their feelings, which accumulation of materials for teachers and students provides a convenient conditions. Blog has become a good helper for online learning. In addition, due to the sharing Blog has collected material has been provided to all visitors to the Blog, and they enjoy These materials also can write their views and their own collection of other materials, which makes online learning more meaningful learners, by sharing resources, everyone can get more learning resources. Shanghai Normal University Li Jiahou Professor: sharing and the sharing of the life course. , Green (Denham Grey) suggested that knowledge management is the management of intellectual assets, it has the evaluation function, help to overcome the obstacles of knowledge of the potential bottlenecks in the flow of users to make full use of intellectual resources and intellectual assets to avoid recession, look for opportunities to strengthen intelligence, increasing value, provide flexibility, to enhance decision-making, services and production purposes.
the level of the individual groups, knowledge management is generally defined as file sharing, content distribution networks, teamwork and knowledge retrieval. no doubt, Blog is these properties, in most people's Blog, knowledge accumulation and management is usually around a theme, and it time to conduct a longitudinal vertical axis of knowledge management, classification of knowledge for the horizontal axis horizontal management, making it easier for teachers and students of knowledge management, search and share, help to overcome the ordinary students have access to the world the best people in related fields, experience their ideas with them a wide range of social relations, the sharing of existing research results, share their experiences, ideas and experiences (experiences, thoughts and experience is tacit knowledge, tacit knowledge is On the one hand interest and knowledge of the structure of learning by leaps and bounds improvement and development.
example, in my experience of using the Blog, I Blog in the division in a number of individual plates, including Personal Collection can also be very convenient to manage the material. In br> Blog of the application mode from the point of view, combined with the analysis of constructivist learning theory, Blog is consistent with constructivist learning theory required. knowledge is not taught by teachers get, but in certain situations learners that social and cultural background , with other people (including teachers and learning partners) to help with the necessary learning materials, by the way the construction of meaning access. constructivist learning theory emphasizes the active construction of student knowledge and learning is active learning process. students to use the Blog, reflects the student's active learning, so that they may want to record their thinking, but also can be used to accumulate materials and applications that facilitate the future search. Here, Blog itself is a powerful tool for independent study, all are also reflects the thrust of constructivist learning theory.
5.4
extensive contacts and communication, and not just individual acts of learning behavior, but rather a variety of contacts, which contacts both divisions - between students, also includes students - between students, even among students and professionals. exchanges can enable students to learn the true sense of cooperation and exchanges, both for personality development of students and generate the main character's basic and effective way, but also a modern teaching the basic goals and values.
Blog provides a channel for the exchange, in which students can understand the teachers of education, entitled to their opinion, the reaction to your inner voice and so on. Teachers can also be used as contacts Blog space, where you can talk face to face is not easy to say things. and the education of a student, if the other students feel when browsing for your Blog will be inspired by them. student exchanges in the Blog or in the open , you can get more help and information.
Similarly, among students, peer interaction can also Blog, by reading other material collected and published opinions, etc., students can leave a message or for evaluating an issue Moreover, such exchanges were recorded down in time, can also reflect on the future, the idea was given to the evaluation, learn good nutrition. This interaction not only to encourage students to grow, and the teacher's development is also beneficial. < br> 5.5 record the learning process, the use of self-reflection
Blog to construct an electronic portfolio of students (e-Portfolio) is generally considered to reflect an effective way of students learning process, and it is the role of the school evaluation system has also been increasingly pay attention to it. so-called electronic portfolio is recorded in the Blog learners completed the whole process of learning tasks, which included the learner's own creative content, resources, links, documents, pictures, sound or video files, but also other people have made these comments or the content of evaluation information.
In Blog, by constructing electronic portfolios, students can reflect the whole learning process and the various stages of the development process, describing the formation and personal knowledge progressive cognitive enhancing trajectory, teachers, students and parents can be regularly informed of student progress at all stages, and hence in the whole school or within the broader context of the formation of a new and effective evaluation system, this , identify problems, improve methods, only the reflection in time to make learning more scientific and better promote their own development. Blog is the students a good way to self-reflection, not only can readily record their own learning behavior, but also content and to share, along with the diagnosis of this learning behavior, both for people and materials to provide the premise of thinking, is helping to review their own learning behavior, and promote development to improve their ability to learn. The public plays a more reflective way network in the world of sharing, communication, collaboration and development advantages.
5.6 creating teaching situation, to achieve life-long learning
situational approach to stimulate students, mainly from the interest, the use of new and interesting to attract students to a variety of situations the attention of the students intention to take full advantage of attention and conscious attention to one another, to improve student learning initiative. so in the constructivist learning environment, instructional design should not only consider the objectives of teaching, but also help students construct meaning considering the context the creation and the creation of situations in instructional design as one of the most important. Blog learning platform using the integrated use of resources, links, documents, pictures, sound or video, you can create a better teaching situation, so that Any interested people are involved in learning, through discussion, exchange for reflection. Over time, their own learning process in the past, the results will show a very clear out. In this way, every time when the log will generate a Blog kinds of achievement, which can increase student interest in learning so that students adhere to the study, carried out in the end will learn self-conscious, and ultimately life-long learning.
6. Summary
Blog Easy to use, almost no learning curve, we can say is can be different based on their respective active development, so as to young people a solid foundation for lifelong development, and ultimately to achieve sustainable human development. the quality of education is not shouting numerous to achieve, but also made not only through external forces, It should change only by internal students may realize. Therefore, the educators in the education of students, we must also learn to self-education students. Suhomlinski former Soviet educator said: education is true education. , hoping to inspire students to help educate themselves. Despite the development in China Blog has just started, its function remains to be further study, but in promoting individual learning today, Blog does not only adapt to the individualized learning needs, and more to promote the development of personalized learning, we believe that it is able to integrate information technology and programs to provide another alternative way of education can give us new life into a trace!
Reference
[1] Li Jiahou. reflect on the practice of education BLOG and Future [DB / OL].
[2] Li Jiahou. Blog and Education: Life Course Experience Sharing [DB / OL].
[3] Yan Jun. of Applications in Education and Teaching Blog [DB / OL].
[4] Qi Wei. Blog in the education of exploration [DB / OL].
[5] Yang Jun. of education management of the new attempt - self-education [DB / OL].
[6] Jin Hui. blog (Blog) into learning and education [DB / OL]. < br>
[7] Kekang. on the network teaching mode and the traditional teaching mode [DB / OL].
hekekanglunwenxuandu.htm,
[8] Kekang. Constructivism - Innovation the theoretical basis of traditional teaching [DB / OL].
[9] Kekang. Constructivist learning theory and constructivist learning environment. Educational Communications and Technology [J], 1996 in the third period (Total 12).
[10] Zhang Jianwei, CHEN Qi. from cognitivism to constructivism. Beijing Normal University (Social Science Edition) [J], 1996 No. 4.
Blog application of self-education
Qufu Normal University Institute of Information Technology and Communication, Educational Technology 2002 Level Wang Guichuan
Instructor: Li Shun
Abstract: . In recent years, with information technology in education advocacy, education Blog unexpected speed to rapid spread of people, more and more school teachers, university students and teachers, educational administrators have the construction manager has not only since his Blog.Blog only a personal The application also has attracted much attention. students learn in their daily life, using Blog to collect data, reflect on their learning situation, such as exchanges and cooperation with others, can truly and deeply reflect student initiative and creativity reflected so that students can achieve in their own way to improve their quality. articles and features on Blog Blog applied to the theory of self-education based analysis, on the Blog in the application of self-education in a preliminary study and exploration.
Keywords: Blog; self-education; constructivist learning theory; knowledge management; self-reflection; self-evaluation
Studies on Scheme of The Ego Educate Apply Of The Blog
Author: Wang guichuan
Grade 2002, Information Technology & Communication College, Qufu Normal University
Tutor: Li shun
Abstract: advantage. In recent years, along with the initiation of information-based education, the education Blog is universal unexpectedly, more and more primary and junior high school teachers, university teachers and the students, education administration's governor constucts to rise their own Blog in succession . The Blog has already not only a personal , the Blog educates in the ego of the application also causes people's value increasingly.In the daily study life, the student makes use of Blog to collect data, carry on introspect to own study condition and communicates with others cooperation etc., can be true , thoroughly the reflection student's body appear of active and create sex, make the exaltation that the student can carry out the oneself character according to own way.The article analyzed Blog the characteristics and Blog to apply the educational theories foundation is in the ego, to the Blog in the ego education of the application carried on first step research and quest.
Key Words: Blog; The ego educate; Construct doctrine study theories; The knowledge manage; Introspect; The ego evaluate
1. Introduction < br> As the information technology in education and development of a reference to the network of available education subject to limitations, so that people can be cross-regional, cross-national, interdisciplinary learning, resulting in a wealth of learning resources to enable each to benefit teachers and students. too so the network concept of the learning environment, the growing impact on people's learning philosophy how to keep your network as soon as possible to study in an effort to constantly improve themselves and optimization of self, the formation of good autonomy, psychological characteristics of creative personality, so that their overall quality and ability to self-improve and enhance education, has become the present study The problem must be addressed.
Blog, also known as , the original meaning of and writing, students will virtually change the thinking ability, writing ability and the ability to obtain information. With the rapid development of network education, Blog is read by its flexibility and ease of use and become the darling of the Internet Age .
2. self-education and self-education Blog
the meaning of different ways, broadly educated self-education refers to a certain world outlook and methodology, awareness and education of their own subjective world and the whole process, also known as self-cultivation. that people have formed their own ideological and moral basis to make certain goals, and monitor their own practice and evaluate their own practice. narrow self-education or self-criticism, is one of moral education.
Marxism The moral of that self-education is unified with the education process. Self-education is the result of education, further education is the conditions and intrinsic motivation. So, in the education process should pay full attention to self-education, to play the main role of the educated play the main autonomous, self-conscious as the object of education to enhance and improve themselves. the use of self-education method, which requires educators to be in accordance with the educated mind to properly guide the development stage, to make educated the educators requirements into their own goals, to help learners build up a clear right and wrong and truth, goodness and beauty of the pursuit, to train students self-awareness, self-monitoring and self-evaluation capabilities and master the use of criticism and self-criticism approach to ultimately improve the overall quality of the educated.
from the quality of the educational theory of learning and practice, we can very well aware that such a reason: to improve the overall quality of students, in large part by the student autonomy, creative development, teachers will only play a role in coaching and guidance. Thus, under the guidance of teachers, students in learning, life, practice self-education in a creative manner, to fully tap the potential of self-development of students, is the full implementation of quality education, improve the quality of the shortcut.
in the country, since last year, the Education Blog to the rapid rate of unexpected people, more and more school teachers, university students and teachers, education administration manager have their own building from the Blog. in normal students of classroom teaching, graduate research and training of teachers and even exchanges between experts, Blog has a wide range of applications. Blog is precisely because of the development conform to the network education trends, its development has been into the fast lane, with its facilitation by more and more people love. some people as is the second Blog E-mail, BBS, instant messaging communication network after the fourth , fashion, the rapid development that shocked the world. Thus, under the guidance of teachers, using Blog with the characteristics of the students carry out self-education creative network will also become a trend of educational development. Today's Blog is not just us e-learning is a good helper, and it is recorded that we think the best way of learning and it has become our education and an integral part of the self-education.
3.Blog features
students in daily study and life, using Blog to learn the status of their own reflection, research, and to study their records into the narrative, can truly and deeply reflect the students reflected the initiative and creativity, the use of self-education in this way is worthwhile to promote . Blog many features, but also makes use of self-education possible Blog. the country has a large number of researchers analyzed the characteristics and role of education in Blog, such as:
(1) The new narrative research platform: Blog as Narrative platform for the research report will be written as the carrier of the past, narrative study architecture in the modern information technology platform to achieve new development in the study of narrative;
(2) digital mode of transmission: Blog digitally narrative report, narrative research makes it easier for preservation, distribution, reproduction, so that the scope of globalization, the spread of narrative research, as long as the knock on moving your fingertips, your story can be transmitted to the network; the other hand, you can easily get someone else's narrative report data;
(3) the production and dissemination of short cycle: the books, magazines and newspapers as the carrier of the narrative report, the production and dissemination of the cycle is very long, and narrative reports on the Blog can be refreshed every minute;
(4 ) technology low: official publication of the narrative report, need to go through a number of dream, as long as you want, you can at any time, any place to publish your narrative story, while readers around the world share your research results;
(5) across time and space, the full exchange: Blog to Narrative research breakthroughs a small group of individuals researchers, between researchers and by researchers, readers and researchers can expand sufficiently between the exchange and create more wisdom;
4.Blog applied to the theoretical basis of self-education - -
constructivist learning theory of constructivism that knowledge is not taught by teachers get, but in certain situations learners that social and cultural background, with other people (including teachers and learning partners) to help with the necessary learning information, by the way the construction of meaning access. Since learning is that in certain situations under the social and cultural background, with the help of others through collaborative activities among people realize the significance of the construction process, so that the constructivist learning theory Situation, one kind of consistent with cognitive psychology constructivist learning tool. For example: Blog of the learning platform using the integrated use of resources, links, documents, pictures, sound or video, you can create learning environment so that any interested people to participate to learning in the past, and generally the Blog has a clear theme or task, making the discussion and learn more targeted; Blog works because the shared features, they were able to get a different point of view, Blog users message each other, exchange ideas, to solve a single person can not solve the problem, the process is both a collaborative session; in the process of collaboration and conversation, thinking of each learner outcomes (wisdom) is shared by all, not only to diagnose their own point of view, but also can promote self-reflection, students learn the content reflected the nature of things, laws and other things, the things and the intrinsic link between achieving a more profound understanding, and ultimately complete the construction of meaning. Thus, Blog well in line with the constructivist learning theory, constructivism is a practical approach to learning better techniques.
5.Blog
self-education applications for now, Blog following the courseware has become a , Resource Library, Education Website, and information after teaching a new network application model. so, Blog in the self-education in the end there are those applications? combination of the characteristics of the Blog and constructivist learning theory analysis, I think the Blog Application of self-education about the following expression:
5.1
Blog accumulation of learning materials is characterized by one of the greatest written and recorded to provide a platform for people to record the information they need, write down their feelings, which accumulation of materials for teachers and students provides a convenient conditions. Blog has become a good helper for online learning. In addition, due to the sharing Blog has collected material has been provided to all visitors to the Blog, and they enjoy These materials also can write their views and their own collection of other materials, which makes online learning more meaningful learners, by sharing resources, everyone can get more learning resources. Shanghai Normal University Li Jiahou Professor: sharing and the sharing of the life course. , Green (Denham Grey) suggested that knowledge management is the management of intellectual assets, it has the evaluation function, help to overcome the obstacles of knowledge of the potential bottlenecks in the flow of users to make full use of intellectual resources and intellectual assets to avoid recession, look for opportunities to strengthen intelligence, increasing value, provide flexibility, to enhance decision-making, services and production purposes.
the level of the individual groups, knowledge management is generally defined as file sharing, content distribution networks, teamwork and knowledge retrieval. no doubt, Blog is these properties, in most people's Blog, knowledge accumulation and management is usually around a theme, and it time to conduct a longitudinal vertical axis of knowledge management, classification of knowledge for the horizontal axis horizontal management, making it easier for teachers and students of knowledge management, search and share, help to overcome the ordinary students have access to the world the best people in related fields, experience their ideas with them a wide range of social relations, the sharing of existing research results, share their experiences, ideas and experiences (experiences, thoughts and experience is tacit knowledge, tacit knowledge is On the one hand interest and knowledge of the structure of learning by leaps and bounds improvement and development.
example, in my experience of using the Blog, I Blog in the division in a number of individual plates, including Personal Collection can also be very convenient to manage the material. In br> Blog of the application mode from the point of view, combined with the analysis of constructivist learning theory, Blog is consistent with constructivist learning theory required. knowledge is not taught by teachers get, but in certain situations learners that social and cultural background , with other people (including teachers and learning partners) to help with the necessary learning materials, by the way the construction of meaning access. constructivist learning theory emphasizes the active construction of student knowledge and learning is active learning process. students to use the Blog, reflects the student's active learning, so that they may want to record their thinking, but also can be used to accumulate materials and applications that facilitate the future search. Here, Blog itself is a powerful tool for independent study, all are also reflects the thrust of constructivist learning theory.
5.4
extensive contacts and communication, and not just individual acts of learning behavior, but rather a variety of contacts, which contacts both divisions - between students, also includes students - between students, even among students and professionals. exchanges can enable students to learn the true sense of cooperation and exchanges, both for personality development of students and generate the main character's basic and effective way, but also a modern teaching the basic goals and values.
Blog provides a channel for the exchange, in which students can understand the teachers of education, entitled to their opinion, the reaction to your inner voice and so on. Teachers can also be used as contacts Blog space, where you can talk face to face is not easy to say things. and the education of a student, if the other students feel when browsing for your Blog will be inspired by them. student exchanges in the Blog or in the open , you can get more help and information.
Similarly, among students, peer interaction can also Blog, by reading other material collected and published opinions, etc., students can leave a message or for evaluating an issue Moreover, such exchanges were recorded down in time, can also reflect on the future, the idea was given to the evaluation, learn good nutrition. This interaction not only to encourage students to grow, and the teacher's development is also beneficial. < br> 5.5 record the learning process, the use of self-reflection
Blog to construct an electronic portfolio of students (e-Portfolio) is generally considered to reflect an effective way of students learning process, and it is the role of the school evaluation system has also been increasingly pay attention to it. so-called electronic portfolio is recorded in the Blog learners completed the whole process of learning tasks, which included the learner's own creative content, resources, links, documents, pictures, sound or video files, but also other people have made these comments or the content of evaluation information.
In Blog, by constructing electronic portfolios, students can reflect the whole learning process and the various stages of the development process, describing the formation and personal knowledge progressive cognitive enhancing trajectory, teachers, students and parents can be regularly informed of student progress at all stages, and hence in the whole school or within the broader context of the formation of a new and effective evaluation system, this , identify problems, improve methods, only the reflection in time to make learning more scientific and better promote their own development. Blog is the students a good way to self-reflection, not only can readily record their own learning behavior, but also content and to share, along with the diagnosis of this learning behavior, both for people and materials to provide the premise of thinking, is helping to review their own learning behavior, and promote development to improve their ability to learn. The public plays a more reflective way network in the world of sharing, communication, collaboration and development advantages.
5.6 creating teaching situation, to achieve life-long learning
situational approach to stimulate students, mainly from the interest, the use of new and interesting to attract students to a variety of situations the attention of the students intention to take full advantage of attention and conscious attention to one another, to improve student learning initiative. so in the constructivist learning environment, instructional design should not only consider the objectives of teaching, but also help students construct meaning considering the context the creation and the creation of situations in instructional design as one of the most important. Blog learning platform using the integrated use of resources, links, documents, pictures, sound or video, you can create a better teaching situation, so that Any interested people are involved in learning, through discussion, exchange for reflection. Over time, their own learning process in the past, the results will show a very clear out. In this way, every time when the log will generate a Blog kinds of achievement, which can increase student interest in learning so that students adhere to the study, carried out in the end will learn self-conscious, and ultimately life-long learning.
6. Summary
Blog Easy to use, almost no learning curve, we can say is can be different based on their respective active development, so as to young people a solid foundation for lifelong development, and ultimately to achieve sustainable human development. the quality of education is not shouting numerous to achieve, but also made not only through external forces, It should change only by internal students may realize. Therefore, the educators in the education of students, we must also learn to self-education students. Suhomlinski former Soviet educator said: education is true education. , hoping to inspire students to help educate themselves. Despite the development in China Blog has just started, its function remains to be further study, but in promoting individual learning today, Blog does not only adapt to the individualized learning needs, and more to promote the development of personalized learning, we believe that it is able to integrate information technology and programs to provide another alternative way of education can give us new life into a trace!
Reference
[1] Li Jiahou. reflect on the practice of education BLOG and Future [DB / OL].
[2] Li Jiahou. Blog and Education: Life Course Experience Sharing [DB / OL].
[3] Yan Jun. of Applications in Education and Teaching Blog [DB / OL].
[4] Qi Wei. Blog in the education of exploration [DB / OL].
[5] Yang Jun. of education management of the new attempt - self-education [DB / OL].
[6] Jin Hui. blog (Blog) into learning and education [DB / OL]. < br>
[7] Kekang. on the network teaching mode and the traditional teaching mode [DB / OL].
hekekanglunwenxuandu.htm,
[8] Kekang. Constructivism - Innovation the theoretical basis of traditional teaching [DB / OL].
[9] Kekang. Constructivist learning theory and constructivist learning environment. Educational Communications and Technology [J], 1996 in the third period (Total 12).
[10] Zhang Jianwei, CHEN Qi. from cognitivism to constructivism. Beijing Normal University (Social Science Edition) [J], 1996 No. 4.
Wednesday, March 2, 2011
RMB will become the backbone of international trade do, why did not the yen as an international reserve stock ...
The global financial crisis has exposed the old international monetary system defects. As China, Russia and other promotion, monetary reform in the world to be a compelling topic. And with the RMB Trade Settlements, China and some countries and regions enter into currency swap agreement, the RMB has been put on the international agenda.
the Chinese currency will become the backbone of international trade do?
at least in Asia, which seems to be a trend. Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak said Malaysia would will follow the example of Brazil, the use of the RMB against the settlement of more trade with China. The symbolism of the event are pleased to make the Chinese government, and from a single dollar reserves, to diversify into great depth of meaning in many countries. But over- control of the renminbi relative to the yen as the currency for the free market, not a more suitable choice of regional trade. In view of recent U.S. large print money and the U.S. government budget deficit looming, the local currency for trade settlement for the first three, it is reasonable. China as Asia's main exporting countries, should be required to change a considerable part of the RMB-denominated trade with China, especially as its Asian neighbors, many companies, the company's business is centered in China. < br> There are many factors limit the value of the renminbi become a reserve currency. RMB by the strict control of the People's Bank of China, while China is still not free individuals to buy foreign currencies. RMB exists the potential risk of over-supply. China's reserve currency held outside may not choose a currency may be overvalued.
U.S. dollars, Europe, the euro, but the lack of a dominant currency in Asia. Despite the yen's 80 in the 20th century have played such a role, but in Japan The slow economic growth, low interest rates and the yen in China in the world growing importance of trade has kept the yen is not so attractive as a reserve asset.
Even so, the Japanese economy is still more than China powerful. While exports less than its neighbors, Japan, the value of goods may be exported overseas bigger, because many Chinese exports to other countries, low-cost production of assembled parts. If Japan's economic recovery, the yen interest rates, Yen importance in international trade will also increase.
pattern of global trade and reserves are likely to spawn a more balanced portfolio of foreign exchange. on Asia and China and other countries to trade frequently says the yuan will become a part of foreign exchange investment portfolio. But despite the growing role of the yuan, but almost no reason to expect that it will replace the status of the yen.
【Currently, the total amount of Japan's economy ranks second in the world after the United States, its 2008 GDP of 4.8 trillion dollars, the United States was 14.3 trillion. because of the continuing current account surplus, Japan has the world's largest net foreign exchange position , net foreign exchange position is part of foreign exchange assets over liabilities .2008 by the end of September, the Japanese foreign exchange assets reach 5 trillion U.S. dollars, foreign currency net assets of 3.1 trillion U.S. dollars. In contrast, although China's foreign exchange reserves have more However, net foreign exchange assets of less than Japan.
60 years in the 20th century, the yen-dollar exchange rate remained at 360 yen: $ 1, the Japanese economy at an average annual growth rate of 10%. to the 20th century, 70 years, the yen began to appreciate, while the global oil crisis occurred, leading to Japan's economic growth rate suddenly dropped to about 5%. However, more terrible things yet to come mm great stock market and real estate bubble, occurred in 1985, Plaza Accord by 1995 to reach $ 80: $ 1 peak, and then began to fall, to July 1998 dropped to 147 yen: $ 1. After the Japan-US joint intervention, the yen continued to depreciate and it did not.
Economics textbooks tell us that if a country's trade surplus continued, then its currency should appreciate. Interestingly, although the Japanese continued to maintain a current account surplus, the yen volatility is larger. In fact, Japan must export a large number of capital to maintain the yen exchange rate relatively stable, ensuring the competitiveness of Japanese products. 80 in the 20th century, the Japanese yen began to try to make international, so the yen as an international reserve currency, will be built for the Tokyo a global financial center. However, since Since 1992, Japan's economic growth rate not exceeding 2%, the economic downturn in 17 years the status of the yen declined, while foreign companies listed on Tokyo Stock Exchange reduced the number.
yen why they can not be international reserve currency? After all, the Japanese yen in other countries to actively promote the use, including a large number of low-interest loans to government assistance. Japanese banks established in the 20th century, 80 years a number of overseas branches, has released a lot of yen loans. Initially these measures are effective, the yen interest rates low, many countries borrow yen at first, but they soon discovered that the U.S. dollar against the yen exchange rate to face a lot of high volatility in exchange rate risk and to avoid exchange rate Risk is not a small cost, so by the yen has not very good for them.
Japan actively promoting the yen as a reserve currency, trying to Tokyo into an international financial center, which is Japan's national strategy . faced with an aging population trends, the Japanese want to export manufacturing from a single country, into a huge savings from the existing wealth in the long-term returns of the diversified country. if the yen as an international reserve currency, then the Bank of Japan can obtain seigniorage benefits, and that Tokyo as a global financial center, where many businesses will be in Tokyo for access to services income.
However, despite considerable wealth in Japan and a strong industrial advantages, and actively promote the process of internationalization of the yen, But the yen has not become a major reserve currency, it is hard to understand, it is worth our consideration. as an international reserve currency mm requires three basic conditions for a stable currency, lower transaction costs and higher transparency. Unfortunately, at Element too much volatility, transaction costs lead to the yen, not low, though they have a higher market transparency, but the yen is just to satisfy a condition obviously can not become an international reserve currency.
yen rate of several factors of high volatility cause, in which the wrong policy is the most important factor. First of all, the Japanese yen as a major exporter, means that a large number of yen liquidity outside Japan. While Japanese investors to buy U.S. treasury bonds, to be 4% higher than the yen interest rate, but if the yen depreciated 4% a year, then the income or zero, and this kind of thing often happens.
20 century and 90 years, Thailand borrowed a lot of yen because the yen interest rate is low. However, as at Yuan revaluation, the actual payment of the debt is likely to increase, so by the Thai baht or U.S. dollars, compared with, by the yen can not get more benefits. However, if the borrower's income is the yen, so he borrowed the yen to a matter of course, because you can use future income to pay the debt of the yen, to avoid exchange rate fluctuations. On the other hand, the long-term appreciation trend of the yen, Japanese exporters like clearing exports in yen, U.S. dollar clearing imported goods. In this way, their income there is no exchange rate risk of the yen, dollar expenditures, the appreciation of the yen when the expenses can be reduced.
This is actually equivalent to the exchange rate to transfer risk to the borrower who increases the volatility of the yen. because appreciation of the yen began, the borrowers and investors sell dollars and buy yen, the dollar to avoid suffering losses, making the yen a substantial shock.
only when a country has a variety of financial and physical assets, and these assets have good mobility, can produce an attractive rate of return, then the country's currency to become a reserve currency. a huge asset bubble burst in Japan after the financial assets and a sharp decline in the real estate market, but also in the zero interest rate policy, Japan's bonds, stocks and bank deposits are very low rate of return, which led to yen assets attractive to international capital markets declined. yen of the total foreign exchange market increased from 20% in 1998, down to 2007 years of 13%. which the birth of the euro in 1999 has further weakened the yen's status as an international reserve currency.
So, how should learn from the Asian experience and lessons of Euro?
First, the euro is a European political the primary means of integration, rather than a tool of economic integration. The reason why the establishment of the European Union, because European countries European countries trying to end long-standing is the largest country in mainland Europe and the two former adversaries mm Germany and France, agreed to establish a long-term political alliance of peace and prosperity. And in Asia, there is no such a basic consensus and mutual understanding.
second The euro is actually a lot of money of the Commonwealth. It replaced the German mark, franc, Italian lira, peso and other currencies, that is, it is built on the basis of these currencies, and to become the leading international reserve currency . In fact, the euro and between the Member States within the fixed rate system and the external is a floating rate system, such as the U.S. dollar against the euro is a floating exchange rate.
Third, economies of scale in Europe. the stable European market capacity up to 18 trillion dollars, but compared to other countries, the European current account deficit remained at a very low level, the net international balance sheet of the GDP, the deficit accounted for only 10%.
the order of European integration is First, political integration, and real economic integration and, finally, financial integration and common currency. However, financial integration in Europe was not complete, because for reasons of national security, they will protect a high degree of nationalization of the banking system. However, neither political integration in Asia, there is no financial integration, regional integration is the only trade integration.
All in all, despite the Anglo - Saxon countries, doubts and criticisms, the EU integration is a success, and the euro become the world's reserve currency the dollar a strong competitor. However, the euro's weakness is the EU not have their own military forces, because the EU is not a military alliance. a keen market observer will notice that if European countries and neighboring countries become strained military relations , for example, military conflict in the Balkans, then the status of the euro will weaken against the dollar. And when people talk about U.S. military operations impact on the dollar, generally refers to the United States in a particular region or country's military conflicts, will not pose a threat to the United States.
Therefore, when we discuss the role of reserve currency, we can not just be limited to monetary or financial issues, and to see all aspects of the global, including political, military, economic and other aspects.
The author of
the Chinese currency will become the backbone of international trade do?
at least in Asia, which seems to be a trend. Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak said Malaysia would will follow the example of Brazil, the use of the RMB against the settlement of more trade with China. The symbolism of the event are pleased to make the Chinese government, and from a single dollar reserves, to diversify into great depth of meaning in many countries. But over- control of the renminbi relative to the yen as the currency for the free market, not a more suitable choice of regional trade. In view of recent U.S. large print money and the U.S. government budget deficit looming, the local currency for trade settlement for the first three, it is reasonable. China as Asia's main exporting countries, should be required to change a considerable part of the RMB-denominated trade with China, especially as its Asian neighbors, many companies, the company's business is centered in China. < br> There are many factors limit the value of the renminbi become a reserve currency. RMB by the strict control of the People's Bank of China, while China is still not free individuals to buy foreign currencies. RMB exists the potential risk of over-supply. China's reserve currency held outside may not choose a currency may be overvalued.
U.S. dollars, Europe, the euro, but the lack of a dominant currency in Asia. Despite the yen's 80 in the 20th century have played such a role, but in Japan The slow economic growth, low interest rates and the yen in China in the world growing importance of trade has kept the yen is not so attractive as a reserve asset.
Even so, the Japanese economy is still more than China powerful. While exports less than its neighbors, Japan, the value of goods may be exported overseas bigger, because many Chinese exports to other countries, low-cost production of assembled parts. If Japan's economic recovery, the yen interest rates, Yen importance in international trade will also increase.
pattern of global trade and reserves are likely to spawn a more balanced portfolio of foreign exchange. on Asia and China and other countries to trade frequently says the yuan will become a part of foreign exchange investment portfolio. But despite the growing role of the yuan, but almost no reason to expect that it will replace the status of the yen.
【Currently, the total amount of Japan's economy ranks second in the world after the United States, its 2008 GDP of 4.8 trillion dollars, the United States was 14.3 trillion. because of the continuing current account surplus, Japan has the world's largest net foreign exchange position , net foreign exchange position is part of foreign exchange assets over liabilities .2008 by the end of September, the Japanese foreign exchange assets reach 5 trillion U.S. dollars, foreign currency net assets of 3.1 trillion U.S. dollars. In contrast, although China's foreign exchange reserves have more However, net foreign exchange assets of less than Japan.
60 years in the 20th century, the yen-dollar exchange rate remained at 360 yen: $ 1, the Japanese economy at an average annual growth rate of 10%. to the 20th century, 70 years, the yen began to appreciate, while the global oil crisis occurred, leading to Japan's economic growth rate suddenly dropped to about 5%. However, more terrible things yet to come mm great stock market and real estate bubble, occurred in 1985, Plaza Accord by 1995 to reach $ 80: $ 1 peak, and then began to fall, to July 1998 dropped to 147 yen: $ 1. After the Japan-US joint intervention, the yen continued to depreciate and it did not.
Economics textbooks tell us that if a country's trade surplus continued, then its currency should appreciate. Interestingly, although the Japanese continued to maintain a current account surplus, the yen volatility is larger. In fact, Japan must export a large number of capital to maintain the yen exchange rate relatively stable, ensuring the competitiveness of Japanese products. 80 in the 20th century, the Japanese yen began to try to make international, so the yen as an international reserve currency, will be built for the Tokyo a global financial center. However, since Since 1992, Japan's economic growth rate not exceeding 2%, the economic downturn in 17 years the status of the yen declined, while foreign companies listed on Tokyo Stock Exchange reduced the number.
yen why they can not be international reserve currency? After all, the Japanese yen in other countries to actively promote the use, including a large number of low-interest loans to government assistance. Japanese banks established in the 20th century, 80 years a number of overseas branches, has released a lot of yen loans. Initially these measures are effective, the yen interest rates low, many countries borrow yen at first, but they soon discovered that the U.S. dollar against the yen exchange rate to face a lot of high volatility in exchange rate risk and to avoid exchange rate Risk is not a small cost, so by the yen has not very good for them.
Japan actively promoting the yen as a reserve currency, trying to Tokyo into an international financial center, which is Japan's national strategy . faced with an aging population trends, the Japanese want to export manufacturing from a single country, into a huge savings from the existing wealth in the long-term returns of the diversified country. if the yen as an international reserve currency, then the Bank of Japan can obtain seigniorage benefits, and that Tokyo as a global financial center, where many businesses will be in Tokyo for access to services income.
However, despite considerable wealth in Japan and a strong industrial advantages, and actively promote the process of internationalization of the yen, But the yen has not become a major reserve currency, it is hard to understand, it is worth our consideration. as an international reserve currency mm requires three basic conditions for a stable currency, lower transaction costs and higher transparency. Unfortunately, at Element too much volatility, transaction costs lead to the yen, not low, though they have a higher market transparency, but the yen is just to satisfy a condition obviously can not become an international reserve currency.
yen rate of several factors of high volatility cause, in which the wrong policy is the most important factor. First of all, the Japanese yen as a major exporter, means that a large number of yen liquidity outside Japan. While Japanese investors to buy U.S. treasury bonds, to be 4% higher than the yen interest rate, but if the yen depreciated 4% a year, then the income or zero, and this kind of thing often happens.
20 century and 90 years, Thailand borrowed a lot of yen because the yen interest rate is low. However, as at Yuan revaluation, the actual payment of the debt is likely to increase, so by the Thai baht or U.S. dollars, compared with, by the yen can not get more benefits. However, if the borrower's income is the yen, so he borrowed the yen to a matter of course, because you can use future income to pay the debt of the yen, to avoid exchange rate fluctuations. On the other hand, the long-term appreciation trend of the yen, Japanese exporters like clearing exports in yen, U.S. dollar clearing imported goods. In this way, their income there is no exchange rate risk of the yen, dollar expenditures, the appreciation of the yen when the expenses can be reduced.
This is actually equivalent to the exchange rate to transfer risk to the borrower who increases the volatility of the yen. because appreciation of the yen began, the borrowers and investors sell dollars and buy yen, the dollar to avoid suffering losses, making the yen a substantial shock.
only when a country has a variety of financial and physical assets, and these assets have good mobility, can produce an attractive rate of return, then the country's currency to become a reserve currency. a huge asset bubble burst in Japan after the financial assets and a sharp decline in the real estate market, but also in the zero interest rate policy, Japan's bonds, stocks and bank deposits are very low rate of return, which led to yen assets attractive to international capital markets declined. yen of the total foreign exchange market increased from 20% in 1998, down to 2007 years of 13%. which the birth of the euro in 1999 has further weakened the yen's status as an international reserve currency.
So, how should learn from the Asian experience and lessons of Euro?
First, the euro is a European political the primary means of integration, rather than a tool of economic integration. The reason why the establishment of the European Union, because European countries European countries trying to end long-standing is the largest country in mainland Europe and the two former adversaries mm Germany and France, agreed to establish a long-term political alliance of peace and prosperity. And in Asia, there is no such a basic consensus and mutual understanding.
second The euro is actually a lot of money of the Commonwealth. It replaced the German mark, franc, Italian lira, peso and other currencies, that is, it is built on the basis of these currencies, and to become the leading international reserve currency . In fact, the euro and between the Member States within the fixed rate system and the external is a floating rate system, such as the U.S. dollar against the euro is a floating exchange rate.
Third, economies of scale in Europe. the stable European market capacity up to 18 trillion dollars, but compared to other countries, the European current account deficit remained at a very low level, the net international balance sheet of the GDP, the deficit accounted for only 10%.
the order of European integration is First, political integration, and real economic integration and, finally, financial integration and common currency. However, financial integration in Europe was not complete, because for reasons of national security, they will protect a high degree of nationalization of the banking system. However, neither political integration in Asia, there is no financial integration, regional integration is the only trade integration.
All in all, despite the Anglo - Saxon countries, doubts and criticisms, the EU integration is a success, and the euro become the world's reserve currency the dollar a strong competitor. However, the euro's weakness is the EU not have their own military forces, because the EU is not a military alliance. a keen market observer will notice that if European countries and neighboring countries become strained military relations , for example, military conflict in the Balkans, then the status of the euro will weaken against the dollar. And when people talk about U.S. military operations impact on the dollar, generally refers to the United States in a particular region or country's military conflicts, will not pose a threat to the United States.
Therefore, when we discuss the role of reserve currency, we can not just be limited to monetary or financial issues, and to see all aspects of the global, including political, military, economic and other aspects.
The author of
Tuesday, March 1, 2011
Find the layout of the small-cap growth fund managers in 2009 will test the real skill to stock selection
China International Fund Management Co., Ltd. General Manager, Mandy Wang Interview
(Reprinted from the A stock is not on the opportunity to reverse the passive situation?
Mandy Wang (hereinafter referred to as the king): see the next two years can be said from the A-share market opportunities far more than bonds. because if only spreads bond spreads relatively small space, it's a bull market and the interest rate cycle was more closely linked. This is a rate cut big time soon, squeezing the bond market's future profitability. The stock market fall this year abnormal violent, into the rate cut cycle, may have a potential opportunity to win.
note: After this year's side down, everyone is most concerned about is the bottom of the market problems. you think the A shares is not a bottom has been successful, the duration of the bottom there will be long?
King: the bottom point is difficult to judge, but after such a crash, the risk has indeed been much smaller, or more secure investment. had risen to 5000, when the market I was asked on the 10,000 A shares can not, I can say that, but it must be for a long time, in the middle there will be many iterations. Now I still insist on such a decision, the key is up there is a matter of time and how the problem. In this period if the index has not looked back upstream, then could be very dangerous, so the callback order is also not so bad. experienced a slump this year, the market more secure, and I think next year is a good layout of the time, whether domestic market or overseas markets. for ordinary investors to spread risk, can be cast in the way of intervention, or every quarter or six months in position adjustment.
Reporter: China's fund industry is experiencing winter, unprecedented competition intense, you think the fund industry in 2009 will be a kind of market structure? investors to select stocks should pay attention to what is the problem?
King: The challenge next year, fund companies must more than this year, the Fund will also be more differentiation between the obvious. last year and this is unilateral City, where the second half of 2006 to 2007, the market is few kilometers from heaven, down side of the market in 2008 is all from the the economy will recover. In bid farewell to the unilateral and unilateral rise after falling for that next year will see the real skill of fund managers a year, Foundation for the poor competitiveness losses, and the market determine the correct stock selection ability of the Foundation obtain a positive return. in the international environment and domestic environment in the context of unprecedented complexity, the difficulty in the selection of listed companies will be greater in the past we focus on business profit and loss statement, balance sheet, more attention now, especially a stock, who can solve this problem, in the coming year to make structural adjustments quickly, it will stand out in a crisis, the first recovery, these companies need to identify what we selected.
note: different to last year's hot this year, the market is large or, more difficult issue of equity funds, competition is more intense. on the JP Morgan Small Cap Equity Fund in the next week on sale, on why JP Morgan selected the current market downturn and difficulties, the issue of new funds?
Wang : investment from the market point of view, the reason for the small-cap stocks chosen as the main investment targets, largely optimistic about the growth of such stock. This year A major adjustment in the number of shares with good growth potential in the long-term investment opportunities in small cap stocks brewing . When the market return to rational, structural opportunities in the market rebounded during the operation in the small cap stock space is often greater. from national history, many excellent small and medium sized listed companies with a market value of vitality and growth high long-term investment value of concern; to the U.S. market index representative example, the September 30, 1998 to September 30, 2008, S & P Mid Index and the S & P Small Cap Index reached an annualized rate of return 10.3% and 10%, both S & P 500 Index over the same period exceeded the 3.1% annualized rate of return. This year A major adjustment in the number of shares with good growth potential in the long-term investment opportunities in small cap stocks brewing.
improve the company's products from structural point of view, in terms of equity funds, leaving a shortfall of a CIFM capacity of more emphasis on small-cap stock picking fund.
in the small cap category much broader than the small plates, the Chinese A-share market in the stock float order from small to large market capitalization and adding the total market capitalization to A shares 70% of the total market capitalization stocks can be classified in this part of the small cap stock selection is very large, so that more emphasis on small cap funds in the stock selection ability.
need to be reminded that the Fund is equity funds, in funds belonging to high risk breeds, and its level of expected return and risk than mixed funds and bond funds, if the level of risk tolerance is low or the first time purchase the Fund's new Christian Democratic, does not recommend purchase.
(Reprinted from the A stock is not on the opportunity to reverse the passive situation?
Mandy Wang (hereinafter referred to as the king): see the next two years can be said from the A-share market opportunities far more than bonds. because if only spreads bond spreads relatively small space, it's a bull market and the interest rate cycle was more closely linked. This is a rate cut big time soon, squeezing the bond market's future profitability. The stock market fall this year abnormal violent, into the rate cut cycle, may have a potential opportunity to win.
note: After this year's side down, everyone is most concerned about is the bottom of the market problems. you think the A shares is not a bottom has been successful, the duration of the bottom there will be long?
King: the bottom point is difficult to judge, but after such a crash, the risk has indeed been much smaller, or more secure investment. had risen to 5000, when the market I was asked on the 10,000 A shares can not, I can say that, but it must be for a long time, in the middle there will be many iterations. Now I still insist on such a decision, the key is up there is a matter of time and how the problem. In this period if the index has not looked back upstream, then could be very dangerous, so the callback order is also not so bad. experienced a slump this year, the market more secure, and I think next year is a good layout of the time, whether domestic market or overseas markets. for ordinary investors to spread risk, can be cast in the way of intervention, or every quarter or six months in position adjustment.
Reporter: China's fund industry is experiencing winter, unprecedented competition intense, you think the fund industry in 2009 will be a kind of market structure? investors to select stocks should pay attention to what is the problem?
King: The challenge next year, fund companies must more than this year, the Fund will also be more differentiation between the obvious. last year and this is unilateral City, where the second half of 2006 to 2007, the market is few kilometers from heaven, down side of the market in 2008 is all from the the economy will recover. In bid farewell to the unilateral and unilateral rise after falling for that next year will see the real skill of fund managers a year, Foundation for the poor competitiveness losses, and the market determine the correct stock selection ability of the Foundation obtain a positive return. in the international environment and domestic environment in the context of unprecedented complexity, the difficulty in the selection of listed companies will be greater in the past we focus on business profit and loss statement, balance sheet, more attention now, especially a stock, who can solve this problem, in the coming year to make structural adjustments quickly, it will stand out in a crisis, the first recovery, these companies need to identify what we selected.
note: different to last year's hot this year, the market is large or, more difficult issue of equity funds, competition is more intense. on the JP Morgan Small Cap Equity Fund in the next week on sale, on why JP Morgan selected the current market downturn and difficulties, the issue of new funds?
Wang : investment from the market point of view, the reason for the small-cap stocks chosen as the main investment targets, largely optimistic about the growth of such stock. This year A major adjustment in the number of shares with good growth potential in the long-term investment opportunities in small cap stocks brewing . When the market return to rational, structural opportunities in the market rebounded during the operation in the small cap stock space is often greater. from national history, many excellent small and medium sized listed companies with a market value of vitality and growth high long-term investment value of concern; to the U.S. market index representative example, the September 30, 1998 to September 30, 2008, S & P Mid Index and the S & P Small Cap Index reached an annualized rate of return 10.3% and 10%, both S & P 500 Index over the same period exceeded the 3.1% annualized rate of return. This year A major adjustment in the number of shares with good growth potential in the long-term investment opportunities in small cap stocks brewing.
improve the company's products from structural point of view, in terms of equity funds, leaving a shortfall of a CIFM capacity of more emphasis on small-cap stock picking fund.
in the small cap category much broader than the small plates, the Chinese A-share market in the stock float order from small to large market capitalization and adding the total market capitalization to A shares 70% of the total market capitalization stocks can be classified in this part of the small cap stock selection is very large, so that more emphasis on small cap funds in the stock selection ability.
need to be reminded that the Fund is equity funds, in funds belonging to high risk breeds, and its level of expected return and risk than mixed funds and bond funds, if the level of risk tolerance is low or the first time purchase the Fund's new Christian Democratic, does not recommend purchase.
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