Cotton prices continued to surge, cotton production is behind the crisis. Capital increase of planting and yields fell, and cotton farmers are being abandoned.
crisis caused by many factors in cotton production, the most secret part than the GM cotton.
one of the world's largest environmental organization Greenpeace said the soft underbelly of transgenic cotton is a serious secondary pests, disease, decline in the quality of cotton, and low economic efficiency.
effect of transgenic insect-resistant cotton, down, lack of new sources of insect-resistant gene, and transgenic cotton seed market, the domestic non-standard, fake seeds, growing incidence of imitation seed; farmers retained species and the second and third generations kinds of stealing and selling, etc., lead to decline in the quality of cotton; transgenic cotton in China accounts for more than 70% of the edge of ordinary cotton seed, cotton chains for the supply and demand tension will undoubtedly be a huge worry cotton industry.
is also called into GM, GM also lost. Had served as the cotton yield, high-quality patron saint of transgenic cotton, the cotton is transformed into the specter of industrial safety.
can transgenic insecticidal
cotton bollworm, a major pest of cotton.
Bacillus thuringiensis (BT), produces a parasporal crystal and spores of Gram-positive bacteria, some sub-species also produces α and β exotoxin. English name: Bacillusthuringiensis, referred to as BT.
1901, the Japanese bacteriologist Shi Du Yin Fan, first discovered by the moth disease.
1911, the German Beier Nai from the Mediterranean flour moth, and to isolate the bacteria. Bacillus thuringiensis
looks like a root sticks, short and stout, standing less than 5 ‰ mm. When it grows to a certain stage, the body will form one end of an oval spores, used to breed future generations; the other side will produce a diamond-shaped crystals or nearly square, called the parasporal crystal, highly toxic.
crops when pest crunch at the same time put into the belly of Bacillus thuringiensis to eat. Its parasporal crystal protein toxins contain pest damage to the digestive tract, causing loss of appetite, slow, vomiting, diarrhea; the spores into the digestive tract through the broken into the blood, the large population in the blood caused by sepsis, which kills pests.
1981, scientists successfully cloned the first time, the first Bt insecticidal crystal protein coding genes.
the BT gene, gene transfer into cotton, cotton insect to have the results. This is the transgenic cotton (and therefore also known as BT cotton, transgenic cotton.)
transgenic cotton against the cotton bollworm pests.
bollworm, a noctuid, is the great pest of cotton Leiling. The main hazards of cotton bud, flower, bell, causing victims bud, flower,UGG boots, large bell off, a great impact on cotton yield.
since the last century since the 90s, most of the cotton bollworm in China continuing outbreak. 1992 alone, the cotton bollworm caused direct economic losses of more than 60 billion yuan, an indirect loss of more than 100 billion yuan.
1988 in the U.S. Monsanto (Monsanto) Transgenic cotton company, has become the world's first genetically modified BT cotton country.
same year, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Guo three groups, the end of his career studying the Pasteur Institute in France after returning home, dropped into the transgenic cotton research.
China have thought about buying Monsanto's patent.
Monsanto out of the condition is: the Government $ 18,000,000, only one transgenic plant, not the entire collection, the contract period of 30 years.
This means, you can not grasp the core technology, the technology of transgenic cotton dispute
1990, the U.S. Monsanto and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, has begun the pilot plant. In 1991, transgenic Bt cotton project in China will be listed as Guo is the project leader three groups, which came to be known as the
1992 by the end of three heaps Guo successfully developed with independent intellectual property rights GFMCry1A Bt insecticidal gene fusion, and the lead into the cotton, to create a single Bt transgenic cotton.
China became the second after the United States with the countries of transgenic cotton technology.
1993 by the end of the successful cultivation of transgenic plants in China.
1994, the progress into the field trial, and through the identification of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, in 1995 the national patent applications.
1995, the use of GFMCry1ABt insecticidal gene and cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) gene, was constructed bivalent insect-resistant (Bt + CpTI) gene.
However, Chinese scientists are completely independent intellectual property rights? Was being questioned.
Guo Sandui flatly denied.
toxicity of the United States District gene and cell recognition and binding are in accordance with the molecular structure of Cry1Ab protein design, the ability of cell lysis, and cell recognition and binding ability to the general.
and China gene, although the area is also toxic Cry1Ab protein molecules based on structural design, but the cell recognition and binding is based on the design of the molecular structure of Cry1Ac protein. Potency and strong recognition and binding ability.
China gene than U.S. gene.
find useful transgenic gene is the first step, the greater challenge is how to put this gene into the cotton to the inside.
Guo said the three reactors, the use of transgenic technology and Monsanto completely different part of China's own intellectual property rights, known as the
1983, the The need for some genes from the pollen tubes enter into, the same can be inserted into the plant's genes. The technology capital is low, and very easy to use.
Monsanto is a bacteria use it as transportation tools, like transport gene fragment, inserted into the cotton genome. The three reactors used Guo's In 1996, Monsanto was first to market genetically modified cotton.
November the same year, Monsanto and a subsidiary of Hebei Province, Hebei Province Department of Agriculture seed stations, and Dai cotton companies to set up the first word of a biotechnology joint venture ----- Hebei Ji Dai Technology Co., cotton company. Technology Co., Ltd. and Dai Meng International Co., Ltd. (USA), Monsanto (USA), Dai word cotton International Technology Corporation (USA), signed the .
the first time the company Mian Mian transgenic species into the Chinese market. That year, the market of genetically modified cotton seeds, Hebei per kg up to 42 dollars, while ordinary cotton is only 3 yuan. However, pesticide than ordinary cotton bollworm resistance to spending,
year later in July 1998, Monsanto set up a second in Anhui Province, a joint venture of biotechnology Technology Co., Ltd. Anhui Andai cotton. Andai Technology Co., Ltd. Anhui by Anhui cotton seed Cotton Corporation of China and Singapore Pte Ltd Tai-word co-founded.
1998, China reached 380 million mu of cotton acreage, Monsanto accounted for more than 95% market share, only less than 5% of domestic cotton.
transgenic cotton market battle
Genesis, added to the war.
This is located in Shenzhen, China GM companies, and gradually from the hands of Monsanto, snatching back the majority of market share.
no doubt that, Genesis and Monsanto of the war, the objective of China's rapidly expanding acreage of GM cotton. According to China Radio Network News, fifteen transgenic cotton in China during the period, the cumulative extension of 1 million mu.
as
Guo three groups including the identity of another: Shenzhen Genesis shareholders of transgenic technology, the state secrets Technical Review Panel of experts, and the Ministry of Agriculture, Variety Approval Committee of species.
reverse gene are thought Guo runs through the Ministry of Agriculture has three reactors, GM scientists and the three identity-related trading companies, is that many people who piled three Guo join forces to promote a large area of GM crops in China planting, including genetically modified cotton.
1998 年 8 19, Genesis transgenic technology company incorporated in Shenzhen. Registered capital of 53.6 million yuan, of which Ministry of Science and Biotechnology Development Center funded 800 million,Discount UGG boots, accounting for 14.9253%.
2002 年 6 14, option changes, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute technology in value 21.12 million yuan, accounting for 2 ***%, Guo Sandui 5%.
2005, the National Audit Office released the audit announcement, saying that 3 out research projects, the financial capital 8 million yuan for the taking of private enterprise co-operate with the company.
equity after several changes, the ultimate stability of the Academy of Agricultural Biology, 20%, 5% of Guo three groups, Shenzhen Oriental Pearl (600,832, stock it) (Group) Co., Ltd. 72%, Shenzhen Li Hongji the proportion of 3% Investments Limited.
Monsanto GM cotton into the into the beginning of the establishment of China Anhui, Hebei Ji Dai and An Dai two joint venture companies. The Genesis companies with Hainan, Jiangsu, Hubei, Huaibei, Anhui, Henan and Xinjiang, the seed company joint venture holding company model instead.
Monsanto seeds 42 yuan per kilogram,UGGs, is located in the Genesis 20-30 yuan.
order to compete for the market, Monsanto start on Chinese television advertising, the content is a young foreign experts to China's cotton farmers lectures, recommended transgenic cotton.
Genesis is to take the next demonstration to farmers in rural areas, through, and some local seed companies to promote products. In 2002, Genesis of transgenic cotton occupied 35% domestic market share, rising to 50% in 2003. 2004 climbed to more than 60% after 2005, the firm occupies more than 70% share.
At the same time, the Chinese GM cotton acreage from 380 acres in 1998, increased to nearly 5240 acres in 2010. Accounted for more than the total planted area Qicheng.
which Monsanto's GM cotton is mainly distributed in Hebei and Anhui; and Genesis are located in Jiangsu, Xinjiang, Hubei, Anhui, Shandong, Jiangsu and other provinces.
transgenic cotton
Lang, according to the first well-known economist capacity: transgenic cotton the first few years, pesticide use dropped by 50% to 60%, growing capital decreased by 25%, increase per acre yield of cotton 20% to 42% lint percentage rate of progress. Cotton lint percentage rate of the Chinese standard of 37% to 38%.
rate is 100 kg of lint cotton with seeds that can produce much lint. This is an important indicator of the quality of cotton. But today even lint percentage rate has dropped to about 34%.
more worrying is that, BT transgenic cotton bollworm control of course, kept mirids outbreaks in cotton fields.
people that are genetically modified genes are commonly recognized and reverse the alarming conclusions from previous years, the United States May 14, Mechanism of regional disaster. Papers of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Plant Protection Institute, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Pests Wu Ming, director led a team.
20 years of cotton pests, Wu Ming, the identity of another include: national GMO Safety Council, Ministry of Agriculture, Science and Technology Committee.
1997, the Chinese government formally approved the cultivation of Bt cotton trade. By 2000, one of China's main cotton producing areas of North China provinces, planting Bt cotton is almost universal. In 2007, Bt cotton has 3.8 million hectares, accounting for 69% of cotton acreage.
Since 1997, Wu Ming and his colleagues have begun a follow-up study, the transgenic Bt cotton cultivation in China's trade on the ecological environment and agricultural economy. Research covers more than 1,000 million cotton farmers to the north of 3 million hectares planted perennial cotton and 26 million ha of other host plants.
monitoring process, the scientists found that the bugs are quietly replaced as a major pest Helicoverpa armigera. Wu Ming first volume mirids this omnivorous insects in cotton fields in China has always belonged to secondary pest, before spraying pesticides in the cotton bollworm Shasi the same time, the way will kill the bugs Xiang, basic no special control.
Bt cotton with a large area of cultivation, drug use fell by 30% 40%, while the Bt cotton bollworm control only effective in the pest control bugs like the non-significance.
mirids followed up as the main pests, before 2002 as
for the study, Wu Ming equally cautious.
However, the decisive reverse gene Greenpeace International, is put back to the hidden dangers of GM crops became important evidence.
indeed, any kind of control means are double-edged sword. The early 1990s, large areas of cotton bollworm outbreak in China, precisely because of the long-term spraying of pyrethroid insecticides against cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera resistance due to make.
for the bugs to deal with the increasingly rampant as secondary pests, pesticide widely used again, coupled with the decline in cotton quality. Makes growing revenue decline.
Greenpeace survey: farmers growing GM cotton in the use of pesticides unabated rise, dropped into the production of capital than ordinary cotton farmers increased by 3 times, but instead incorporated into the low 8%.
with corn, wheat and other crops, prices, and the increase in wage income into more and more cotton farmers are being abandoned. China's cotton acreage and production fell year after year.
National Bureau of Statistics, 2007 National cotton production of 762 million tons. The year 2008 reduced to 7.49 million tons of cotton production in 2009 is further reduced to 6.4 million tons; view from cotton growing area ,2007-2009, the national cotton acreage were 8,889.15 acres, 8,631.15 mu, 74.25 million acres. Continued to decline in 2010 continued to show a trend. Transgenic cotton worry whether
Monsanto GM cotton seeds by selling or selling pesticides to make money?
Technology Co., Ltd. Anhui Province, Anhui Province Andai cotton seeds Monsanto Corporation and the United States, Dai word cotton joint venture companies jointly established.
new varieties can be resistant.
encounter piracy is not just Monsanto, Genesis is also not spared.
San-Dui Guo told the media that China's cotton market is still a lack of standardization in the face of every year on the market of genetically modified cotton seeds numerous hundreds of Genesis's patented genetically modified cotton are not can be protected, one-year patent licensing revenue into no more than 500 million.
2004 年 7 13, Xinhua reported, Hefei, Anhui Hefei, which lasted more than a month after business part of the investigation and evidence collection,cheap UGG boots, the amount of money involved with nearly one million sales of fake seeds of major inter-provincial finally emerges water.
counterfeiters field to companies engaged in sale of fake seeds than ten years, seeds are sold in Anhui, Jiangsu, Henan, and Shaanxi. Fraud is the primary means buying cheap second-generation transgenic cotton seed, posing as a generation of its high-quality cotton, and sell at high prices to farmers.
generation of transgenic cotton seed quality, using a series of three generations, the performance will decay. This is the generation of the seed company can continue to sell seeds of profit reasons. Generation of GM cotton seed is also a guarantee of quality.
However, the farm saved seed and the proliferation of false species, making China the quality of genetically modified cotton can not be guaranteed.
2001, Shandong Denghai the company sued the Agricultural Research Institute, Laizhou City, Shandong Province, corn infringement by the Ministry of Agriculture, Office for the Protection of New Plant Varieties recommended, and with the consent of the original, the parties agree that the defendant, the court shall authorize Beijing City of Maize Research Center, Academy of Sciences to appraisal conclusion is plagiarism. Den won.
2002, the result of the same event, Shandong Denghai Tongliao Jinshan seed companies sued the company, the same identification, but because the court held that the Forensic intelligence, and both nature of the business. Den lost.
This is only difficult to maintain the domestic seed industry as a microcosm of the intellectual property rights. Lang thought, many domestic enterprises had the opportunity to become predators like Monsanto, but plagiarism rife in China, the lack of standardized protection cases. Obliterate the growth of China's seed industry, to foreign predators do to create good opportunities.
the face of the domestic spread of genetically modified cotton seeds infringement, Monsanto and Genesis have no choice litigation protection. Lang thought it was caused by lack of intellectual property protection.
infringement brought flooding the biggest topic is the decline in cotton quality, combined with cotton farmers do not listen to the propaganda of pesticides to fight, less pesticide Da Buda, resulting in cotton bollworm, the two major pests like bugs repeatedly broke out, really species of transgenic cotton bollworm suppression, induced mirids false transgenic cotton is the cotton bollworm species, together burst like bugs. The ultimate result of the use of pesticides and plant capital increased significantly. Lang said that Monsanto did not pass the course in China, selling seeds and collect royalties huge profits, but still makes the use of pesticides by the profits of Monsanto.
the face of repeated pest outbreaks, farmers have only three choices, either to buy more pesticides insecticide, or to purchase a new species of insect-resistant quality. Either to give up cotton. Either the United States can benefit.
the first option, the beneficiary is the world's largest pesticide producer Monsanto and its sister company, BASF of Germany.
second option, the beneficiary is the United States, Monsanto has been carrying genes resistant bugs Xiang third generation of cotton, they said the products will enter into the market in 2015. Have to wait 4 years. The bugs with the anti-transgenic cotton seed Xiang, China has not yet invented.
third option, the beneficiary is the U.S. cotton farmers. It is worth noting the two countries began to trade in almost the same time cultivation of transgenic cotton, but the impact of transgenic cotton face very different. In 1996, the United States began cultivation of Bt cotton trade, the country's total cotton acreage up 87%. In 2005, global cotton exports 8.08 million tons, the U.S. accounted for 2.83 million tons, accounting for 35% of world cotton exports. International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC) speculated that the year 2010, global cotton exports 8.46 million tons, the United States will account for 3.22 million tons, up to 39%.
in the seed market, and not a seed can conquer the world, eternity. China's first listed on Nasdaq in the U.S. seed company ORG results show that the seeds of a new life cycle of the market even for 5 to 7 years, after which the development potential of species and genetic gain the upper hand will continue to decay.
Monsanto himself has a strong research team, but also to provide assistance to other scientists to use their research, Monsanto's investment in scientific research each year up to 5 billion U.S. dollars.
and research institutes in China is still the main providers of research funds, even as the success of Genesis that transgenic technology companies, research funding each year and only a ten million yuan.
whether GM can rely on pest control? The answer is no. At the same time and can not control transgenic cotton all cotton pests.
But China's cotton crop seems to embark on a one-way street. Excessive dependence on cotton, cotton varieties of common edge of being.
basis of transgenic cotton has two, one is exogenous insect resistance genes, the other is suitable for local production of cotton.
more narrow range of sources of new genes, but also become a restricted development of transgenic cotton, the Monsanto's Bt cotton has been carrying the third-generation bugs Xiang resistance gene, and studies of transgenic cotton in China remains in second generation.
transgenic cotton: repeat the mistakes of soybean corn?
a large number of U.S. exports to China by cheap GM soy and corn shocks and control the domestic grain market is different, the United States of transgenic cotton, does not seem to gain the upper hand in the domestic market.
but Lang still think GM cotton is a U.S. plot. Just means more secretive.
With the dependence of the United States to deepen cotton, cotton will repeat the soybean, corn in the past.
things the United States the world's largest agricultural exporter, China do its largest importer. Cotton, soybean, corn is becoming a US-China trade flagship product.
2009 China's soybean imports reached 42.552 million tons, of which imports from the United States reached 21.809 million tons, accounting for 51.3% of total imports. China's soybean imports in 2009 compared with a net increase of 500 million tons in 2008. Increase the amount just equal to 2009, the number of domestic soybean accumulated treasury.
the one hand, into a large number of U.S. soybeans into the country, the other party could not sell to the domestic soybean, excessive imports on the domestic soybean serious injury.
corn market has the same situation. According to U.S. statistics, in previous years, China's imports of corn from the United States will reach 120 million tons. To reach 580 million tons next year, 2015 may increase to 15 million tons.
U.S. government heavily subsidized agricultural products, and U.S. application of transgenic technology, high output, and capital is low. China's domestic soybean, corn market was basically controlled by the United States, the United States to grasp the soybean, corn market pricing.
cotton market is also facing a similar situation, the U.S. cotton growers for up to 89% of the subsidies, U.S. cotton growers with less risk, capital is relatively low. Effectively maintain the stability of the U.S. cotton production.
China's domestic cotton acreage and production continues to decline to rely on imports of U.S. cotton growing.
and corn, soybean dumping is different, with the increasing domestic cotton supply and demand gap, once the United States fully grasp the cotton pricing. Chinese textile enterprises have to face the situation of buying high-priced U.S. cotton. By then, two out of the Chinese textile enterprises will also be controlled.
Chinese things in the world's largest cotton importer, largest cotton consumer. China is the world's largest textile exporter, the domestic cotton supply and demand gap is widening. In the domestic cotton supply shortage, the United States to take advantage of the virtual and into the cotton.
things the United States the world's largest cotton exporter, its largest customer in China thing.
high U.S. government subsidies to cotton farmers, while China is no such protection. With China's cotton-dependence on the U.S. to deepen, will repeat the soybean and corn in the past.
If the domestic agricultural policy is not to the cotton industry, tilt, increase subsidies to encourage farmers in cotton, cotton acreage and production is difficult to restore the declining trend. Thereby increasing the reliance of foreign cotton, which will fundamentally affect the safety of China's cotton industry and the related industrial chain development.
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